Internet Impacts on Global Business Essay

There are lots of advantages for small business to do business on the Internet. Depends on the type of business, it is not necessary for everybody to do business on the Internet. Prior to the invention of the Internet, Large global firms could work on advances in accessing the newest technological information, exchanging information, and reaching international customers. The Internet can help diminish information asymmetry and permits small businesses to act like large global businesses. Firstly, small firms can instant access to any new technological advances that can help them compete with large firms. Secondly, the Internet can help small firms reduce communication costs to the large firms’ level in meeting with suppliers, customers, or employees all over the world. Thirdly, the Internet can help small firms to reach global market in low costs. Any potential customers in the world can interact with the companies through their websites no matter the companies are small or large, local or global. Although many small businesses have success in global market on the Internet, small business that have not yet gone online still needs to evaluate the effects of the Internet and understand whether or not an Internet presence is necessary. No having an Internet presence is not always dangerous for a company. For example, the company that services the customers in local community does not need to establish a website because it can touch customers in person. The privacy may be in danger on the Internet if the company has not enough resources for the security.

The Implementation Of Relationship Sexuality Education Education Essay

IntroductionThe focal point of this survey is to look into what factors impact on the execution of Relationship Sexuality Education ( RSE ) in the school scene. This survey was created to foreground pupil ‘s positions on the how RSE is taught in the category room and what impact the instructor has on the subjects being taught in relation to the cognition base of the pupils. The research worker will get down this probe by sketchingâ€Å" Probe of factors which impact on the successful ( or non ) instruction and execution of RSE in the context of SPHE †Literature reappraisalIn April ( 2000 ) the section of Education and scientific discipline approved the junior rhythm ( SPHE ) Syllabus, Schools were advised that Social Physical Health Education must be formed as a portion of the nucleus course of study of the junior rhythm. Harmonizing to the section of instruction and scientific discipline ( 2001 ) this topic is to supply students with chances to advance the personal development, wellness and wellbeing of the kid and to assist the kid create and keep supportive relationships which will enable them to go active and responsible citizens in society. The SPHE programme is made up of 10 faculties. One of these faculties is Relationship Sexuality Education ( RSE ) . Sex instruction in Ireland today is delivered through this faculty in schools up to junior certification. Harmonizing to Davidson ( 1996 ) sex instruction has been traditionally a harm restriction exercising. Educational programmes mentioning to sex can be associated with the debatable facets of sexual behavior. This can be seen for illustration on the accent on the hazard of adolescent gestation and sexually familial infections ( STI ‘S ) . These are highly of import but it is besides of import to advance the normative facets of people ‘s sexual behavior and activity. Morgan ( 2000 ) states that High quality sex instruction is indispensable to enable immature people to understand their ain development and to fix for picks and duties in their life.Introduction of RSE in IrelandCompared to other European states the debut gender instruction in schools is recent. The acknowledgment of the demand for RSE can be linked to a figure of developments and events that took topographic point during the 1980 ‘s and 1990 ‘s. The spread of HIV and AIDS was a major factor that was seen to convey approximately more public consciousness of sexually transmitted infections and besides the function the authorities took in seeking to battle these issues. In peculiar the Aids epidemic highlighted how of import discoursing sexual behavior is in a scope of scenes including schools. Equally good as that kid sexual maltreatment disclosures perceptibly rose between 1980 and 1988 ( Mckeoen & A ; Gilligan, 1988 ) . With this the concern of the wellness boards led to the development of an instruction programme ‘stay safe ‘ which was introduced into primary schools in 1991. This type of instruction was seen to hold many jobs as the instruction system in Ireland was largely dominated by the Catholic Church. The place that the Catholic hierarchy ‘s held was that parents need the aid and support of schools with educating their kids about sex. They had the position that school based gender instruction should follow a policy that reflects the schools nucleus values and ethos and that kids must be told the truth as defined by the Catholic Church ( Inglis,1998 ) .Aim of RSEThe purpose of RSE programme in Ireland is harmonizing to policy guidelines â€Å" Get a cognition and apprehension of human relationships and gender through procedures which will enable them to organize values and set up behaviors within a moral, religious and societal model. † Department of Education and Science ( 1997 ; 4 ) Each instructor is provided with stuffs to help the instruction of RSE. This provides the instructor with a broad scope of options with relation to instruction and presenting the RSE programme. There are factors that influence how these stuffs are used. For illustration: the school policy on RSE. RSE includes a broad scope of subjects appropriate to differing age groups and school old ages. But harmonizing to the policies mentioned above it is at the discretion of the school at which these subjects are delivered.Experience of sex EducationHarmonizing to a study published by the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships ( 2006 ) reception of sex instruction and the content of this instruction may be a important influence on a individual ‘s degree of sexual cognition. A study carried out in the above study by the ISSHR found that 53 % of work forces and 60 % of adult females reported holding received sex instruction. The debut of RSE was non introduced into Irish schools until 1997. The debut of this programme is the primary ground why the proportion of people who have received sex instruction is highest among people under 25. ISSHR ( 2006 ) study found that most people who received sex instruction did so in school. School has become the prevailing beginning among younger age groups.ResearchIn looking at the study By the ISSHR merely over half of those persons who reported having sex instruction said this was ‘helpful ‘ or ‘very helpful ‘ in fixing them for grownup relationships. Overall, more adult females ( 54 % ) than work forces ( 49 % ) who had received sex instruction reported that this was helpful. Under-25s were significantly more likely than all older groups to describe that their sex instruction was helpful. Even among the youngest age group, 42 % of work forces and 34 % of adult females found their sex instruction ‘unhelpful ‘ . The authorities through the Department of Education and scientific discipline undergoes an review on the SPHE programme bringing in secondary schools by measuring the quality of instruction and acquisition in SPHE category. One barrier to the effectual execution as expressed in the study on RSE ( 2007 ) is that of the position of SPHE in schools. This study found that SPHE struggled to derive acknowledgment. A concern that was expressed in set abouting this survey was the inclination for some instructors to exclude or disregard the RSE faculty due to the degree of uncomfortableness that they feel. Besides the study noted that some instructors viewed the topic as an add-on or a Department of State.DecisionIn looking at the purpose of RSE as set by the section of instruction is to â€Å" get a cognition and apprehension of human relationships and gender. † RSE besides encourages treatment and contemplation and to supply an apprehension of one ‘s ain gender and all that goe s with it. The research suggests that because policies are left up to the schools ain enterprise that schools may be go forthing out certain subjects. This may be due to the position of the SPHE programme within the school. Because it is left up to the discretion of the school the criterion of instruction and degrees of cognition of the pupils may be questionable. How does this impact on pupils? Due to it being left up to the school as to what subjects are being taught the pupil ‘s degree of cognition may be different across all schools. Besides another barrier to efficient SPHE instruction is that some instructors learning the topic feel uncomfortable in certain subjects. Does this impact on the procedure of learning RSE? Levels of comfort in learning the subject may impact on the content being taught and besides how the pupils engage with the instructor and the content of RSE. Is it the content of RSE that impacts on the pupils or is it besides the procedure of learning the topic that predominately impacts on the pupils?RationaleIreland has seen altering attitudes and behaviors in a delayed sexual revolution during this the twenty-first century. A study conducted by the ISSHR ( 2009 ) has found that 90 % of people support sexual instruction for immature people. The legal age of one ‘s first sexual experience has fallen in recent old ages for both adolescent male childs and misss from 20 to 18 for misss and 19 to 17 for male childs. Due to the altering attitudes of people presents towards sex RSE has been implemented in schools throughout the state. Every school must hold a set of guidelines that include RSE and its execution, harmonizing to the guidelines set by the section of instruction ( REF ) this should reflect the ethos of the school. The utility of this policy can be questioned and it is n't clear of its effectivity on students. However, what is known is that the criterion of bringing across all schools may differ. What factors influence this? The probe into the factors that impact on the successful ( or non ) instruction and execution of RSE came from my ain experience of having RSE instruction. In researching this subject I found that there is non a standardized degree of execution. This interested me as I had a really positive experience and shortly realised that it is non the same for everyone. On contemplation of treatments with my lector I realised that it was the procedure that may impact on the pupil ‘s degree of cognition of RSE. For me and my experience it was about prosecuting with the instructor. It ‘s non merely the programme but how the instructor teaches the subject and how the instructor engages with pupils. This is why this subject for survey was chosen to assist inform instructors to better on their ain RSE category and to demo that it ‘s non merely the content of the programme but it ‘s the procedure of learning the subject. In the study on RSE ( 2007 ) it was found that professionals from both wellness and instruction sectors at both regional degree expressed uncertainty about the quality of RSE bringing across many schools. In this study attending was brought to disagreements in how RSE is prioritised and taught. It is known that for effectual execution proper instructor preparation is needed to develop the personal accomplishments of the instructor when diging into an issue which has become progressively of import in today ‘s society. It has been highlighted and harmonizing to policy guidelines ( Department of instruction, 1997 ) a instructor ‘s degree of comfort when learning RSE is critical in the full execution of the programme. What is non known is how this impacts on pupils?MethodologyIntroductionIn this subdivision the research worker is traveling to sketch the research attack that will be taken for the proposed survey and the design that will be used. The research worker will so ske tch the methods and tools of the proposed survey. Such as: instruments that will be used, the samples that will be used in the research, restrictions and boundary lines and besides ethical considerations that may originate when transporting out this piece of research.Purposes and Aims:Aim of this research is to look into factors which impact on instruction of RSE which is in the context of SPHE. In look intoing this subject the research worker aims to see what degree of cognition the pupils obtain in having RSE in the school scene. The writer aims to see what barriers may impact on successful instruction of RSE and overall to look into if it is the procedure of learning RSE instead than the content of the lesson which impacts on the pupils.Position:The research worker is taking an epistemic attack in footings of post-positivism. Post positivism is an epistemic place that promotes the application of the methods of the natural scientific disciplines to the survey of the societal world ( Grix, 2004 ) . Research paradigms are based on our apprehension of what we know about something and how we might garner information and cognition about it. There are three wide paradigms in which a paradigm refers to a form, Post-positivism lies between rationalist and interpretivist. Positivism and post-positivism are seen to portion a realist. The term pragmatism describes the paradigm between positivism and interpretivisim, which is a foundationalist epistemology. Positivism leans towards empirical pragmatism and post-positivism is interested in tilting towards critical paradigms. The research worker ‘s place in this piece of research is post-positivism. Post- positivism can be seen to stand for the traditional signifier of research and these premises harmonizing to Creswell ( 2009 ) keep true more for quantitative research than qualitative research. Harmonizing to Creswell ( 2009 ) post-positivists hold a deterministic doctrine in which causes likely determine effects or results. In the writers piece of research the writer will take to place the factors that influence learning RSE and measure the results in footings of positions on the RSE programme and cognition base of the pupils. â€Å" The cognition that develops through station rationalist lens is based on nonsubjective world that exists out at that place in the universe † Creswell ( 2009 ) By developing a study to mensurate the impact of factors that positively or negatively impact on bringing of RSE this is overriding for post-positivism because post-positivism sometimes trades with analyzing the behavior of persons. Harmonizing to Bowling and Ebrahim ( 2005 ) quantitative research is appropriate:â€Å" in state of affairss where there is pre bing cognition about the phenomena of involvement which permits the usage of standardized methods of informations, aggregation, such as the study. †Research designIn carry oning this proposed piece of research a study design will be undertaken. In utilizing this design a quantitative attack will be used. The most common quantitative methods are studies, documental methods and observation and experiments. The quantitative method ensures accuracy dependability and cogency. Sarantakos ( 2005 ) showed the intent of quantitative is to demo variables and to bring forth figures which will in bend allow opinions as to the position of the variables in inquiry, because the research worker is utilizing a study this will let the research worker to summarize huge sums of information. In utilizing a study Creswell ( 2009 ) states that it provides a quantitative or a numeral description of tendencies, attitudes or sentiments of a population by analyzing a sample of that population. The research worker will take to utilize a cross sectional study in footings of a questionnaire to administer to four secondary schools. Cross sectional study was chosen as to roll up informations at one point in clip.Methods/Tools and AnalysisThe research method that was chosen is quantitative. Quantitative attack was chiefly chosen because the writer wants to analyze the positions of the mark group which is passage twelvemonth pupils. A Quantitative survey is seen to supply attitudes and sentiments of the population by analyzing a sample of the mark group in inquiry. Due to the survey being on a little graduated table this mark group c an non be generalised to all secondary schools. Method of roll uping informations that will be used will be a study in the signifier of a questionnaire. The writer will utilize both closed and opened ended inquiries as to give the writer a more informed position. In taking a study the research worker will be utilizing a cross sectional design with the informations collected at one point in clip. The ground for taking a study as opposed to other methods is so the research worker could roll up big sums of informations at one point in clip and by taking a cross sectional design it allows the research worker to roll up all informations together go forthing the research worker with sufficient sum clip to analyze the information. The population that was chosen is transition twelvemonth pupils from the ages of 15-16 old ages of age. The research worker felt that this was the best age group as the subject in inquiry is merely taught up to junior cert degree the pupils. This peculiar group would hold experienced the category for three old ages which is compulsory in all schools in the state ( Department of instruction and scientific discipline 2000 ) . The ground for these specific schools is because the first school the research worker attended and that is where the involvement of the subject originated. The ground for the limited figure of schools is chiefly based on clip restraints. Give the clip for choosing the subject and researching it at that place remained limited clip. The research worker felt that by merely choosing four secondary schools it will give a general position of the positions and sentiments of the pupils in relation to the inquiry being asked. This will let the writer to analyze the informa tion in the clip provided for completion.TimelineThe writer in researching this subject has six months in which to finish this piece of research. First the research worker chose a subject of involvement and began to read about the subject. After this the research worker began to oppugn the subject of research this lead to the inquiry being asked. The ground for this piece of research is to happen out what factors impact on the instruction of RSE and necessarily is it the procedure of instruction or is the content that impacts on the pupils.TimeProcedure8 hebdomads Research of topic completion of Literature reappraisal 2 hebdomads Researching of inquiry for analyse 1 hebdomad Research of methods of transporting out questionnaires 1 hebdomad First bill of exchange of questionnaire 1week Second bill of exchange of questionnaire 1 twenty-four hours Reaching administrations for permission to administer questionnaires 4 yearss Personal distribution of questionnaires, Collection of questionnaires on the same twenty-four hours. 4 hebdomads Writing up of research attack and design 2 hebdomads Analyse of informations 2 hebdomads Writing up of methods and tools used 1 hebdomad Writing up ethical considerations 1 hebdomad Proof reading In finishing this piece of research in a six months timeframe the research worker feels that this is sufficient clip. Besides the college twelvemonth is spread over from the center of September to the terminal of May. In finishing this piece of research by April 2011 it gives the research worker clip for analyzing the information. Exams begin in May and the research worker could non finish this piece of research during the summer as all secondary schools will be on summer vacations get downing the terminal of May so the distribution of questionnaires would be impossible.Dependability and cogencyDependability refers to if the survey was carried out at one point in clip and it was done once more at another clip so it would demo the same consequences once more and once more. The research instrument plays a critical function because if there is any fluctuation in the research instrument this may ensue in giving one set of consequences at one clip and a different set of consequences at an other juncture when there has been no existent alterations in the subject and points that are being measured. In utilizing dependable instruments it leads to the same consequences collected once more and once more and any differences in consequences collected through utilizing the instruments is wholly down to differences in things being measured. By taking a sample of a little size and a mix of different schools which would hold different ways in which they teach RSE the research worker would trust that this would do the consequences dependable. Cogency refers to the term that the methods that will be used are valid. In footings of research informations that will be collected in transporting out this research the informations collected should reflect the truth and besides reflect world. In utilizing questionnaires that will be filled out during category clip these are confidential and the participants would experience confident in replying the inquiries more candidly. This would in tend that the consequences of the questionnaire would more likely be valid.Sample participantsIn taking participants the research worker chose random sampling. A list of secondary schools in a West Cork country was complied and it consisted of four secondary schools. The ground the research worker chose random sampling is because it involves choosing participants at random and may ensue in the sample stand foring a cross subdivision of a whole. In relation to this subject of survey the research worker feels that to include immense Numberss of participants is n't executable because the writer does non hold adequate clip to reach all the secondary schools in the state to transport out this piece of research. To transport out this piece of research the research worker chose graded sampling. By using boundaries to the procedure of choice it leads to the application of entropy within the boundaries that have been applied. Harmonizing to Denscombe ( 2007 ) stratified trying can sometimes be a mixture of both random choice and choice on the footing of specific individuality or intent. The research worker felt that by utilizing the graded method the research worker will be able to hold more control over the choice of the sample. The population that was identified for this piece of research is that of four secondary schools in the West Cork country. The first secondary school that was chosen consists of 86 pupils the 2nd consists of 80 pupils the 3rd consists of 60 pupils and the 4th consisted of 76 pupils. The ground behind taking these schools was because they each had a big figure of passage twelvemonth pupils and the more pupils that may be willing to portion their positions. In transporting out this piece of research the research worker would take two categories in each school to make full out the questionnaire. The ground for this method is because each category consists of 12-14 pupils and in each school each category has a different RSE instructor. The ground for taking two categories is due to having information on the positions of pupils in one category and comparing it with that of pupils of another.Instruments used and processFor this piece of research the survey involved the development of a questionnaire to administer to four secondary schools. In deriving permission to administer the questionnaires the research worker will first direct a missive to each school sketching who the research worker is and what degree the research worker is making. It will so explicate the rubric of the research and its intent. Besides the research worker will include how long the questionnaire will take to be filled out. Included in this missive will be inside infor mations of a proposed phone call to the school from the research worker to perchance set up a day of the month as to when the questionnaires could be filled out. The research worker will besides include contact inside informations if the school has any questions. A transcript of the questionnaire will besides be included with the missive. In transporting out the research the research worker will personally manus present the questionnaires as the schools in inquiry are near to where the research worker lives. By utilizing this method the research worker would be able to cover two schools in one twenty-four hours which would ensue in the procedure taking two yearss in entire. The research worker chose this option because it was n't really clip consuming and it is cost effectual as two schools are in the same town and the staying two schools are in neighboring towns. Besides the research worker would non hold to wait for the return of the questionnaires which might take some clip as instructors may be busy with other categories and may non hold clip to manus them out to their pupils and return them by station. By pealing the school and happening out what category clip would accommodate the school and it does n't needfully hold to be SPHE category clip because passage twelvemonth pupils have more free category clip so oth er old ages. The research worker would set up a clip with the school and administer the questionnaires.Datas analysisThe method of informations that will be used to analyze the informations collected from the distribution of the questionnaire will be the computing machine system SPSS. SPSS stands for â€Å" Statisical merchandise and service solutions. In utilizing this system it involves come ining the inquiries that will be asked in the questionnaire and the information that will be collected from those inquiries will so be entered into this computing machine system. After come ining all the information into the system the research worker will so be able to acquire descriptive informations from the system. This will be in the signifier of saloon charts to stand for the determination from the questionnaires. This will let the research worker to see whether there are relationships organizing from the four different schools sing the pupil ‘s positions and sentiments. If any si milarities are recognised so they can be observed and highlighted. The findings that may be highlighted after analyzing the informations that may impact on the instruction of RSE and impact on pupils sing its content and besides what changes the pupils may propose to better if any the RSE execution in the schoolroom.Restrictions and boundary linesOne restriction that the research worker found was when developing the questionnaire. Harmonizing to Parahoo ( 2006 ) there is no chance to inquire respondents to clear up or lucubrate more on their replies. Equally good as that the research worker is a pupil and the methods used may non be every bit advanced because the pupil is new to the field of research. Likewise respondents may non understand to the full which may take to the respondents construing the inquiries otherwise from the research worker which may take to some confusion amongst the research worker when analyzing the information collected. A boundary line of the research is that the short clip the research worker has to carry on the survey. Due the clip constraint the research worker chose a little sample in one county opposed to more counties being included in the survey. This confined the research to merely utilizing four secondary schools in the county taking a little sample doing the response rate lower than would be got from a larger figure of schools.Ethical considerationsThe research will be utilizing kids in the survey to reply questionnaires. The participants in the survey will be aged 15-16. It is really of import that the participants are cognizant and understand the nature of the survey and besides that each single participant replies are confidential. The participants will be given a consent signifier to subscribe from at that place school to because they are under 18. This ensures the participant ‘s right will be protected when roll uping the information. In composing a screen missive to the princip al of each school this ensures that the participants would go cognizant of the nature of the survey by clearly sketching the ground for the research and attaching a transcript of the questionnaire to guarantee that the inquiries being asked are appropriate for passage twelvemonth pupils and besides to acquire blessing from the principal. A transcript of a concent signifier will besides be attached with the screen missive. The missive would besides include who the research worker is and the benefits of the research and a contact figure if there are any questions. Confidentiality is really of import in any research. In guaranting confidentiality this may profit the research as it may take to the participants replying the inquiries candidly. Harmonizing to Parahoo ( 1997 ) confidentiality of all information collected from all participants must be respected. After the research worker gathers all questionnaires the information will be unbroken private and secure. The information will be represented with codifications instead than utilizing the schools original names. All the questionnaires that will be used will be coded with mention to Numberss instead than the names of the school and the name in each school. When all the information is collected and the consequences are analysed it is of import that the consequences are represented reasonably and candidly and bias from the research worker will be avoided. When the research worker will analyze the informations the research worker will guarantee that no names will be used in the procedure of analysis so this will guarantee the namelessness of the participants. The research worker will besides guarantee the linguistic communication used in the questionnaire will non incorporate any prejudice against the schools used in the survey and the research worker.

Frankenstein and Macbeth Essay

The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, both adhere to the Shakespearean view of tragedy. They contain elements of the supernatural and use literary devices like Nemesis & Pathos. We see the passion & ambition of characters, ultimately leading to their tragic flaw. But in both cases, not every character is deserving of his/her fate. Frankenstein and Macbeth, both contain elements of the supernatural. In Macbeth there are witches and powers of witchcraft. On the other hand, the story of Frankenstein contains a so-called ‘devil’ in flesh – the Monster. Both Macbeth and Frankenstein are above-average human beings with exceptional qualities. In both cases, the tragic hero is a man of tremendous potential and capability. The Monster created by Frankenstein is totally supernatural. There are also supernatural occurrences in Macbeth, like for instance when King Duncan is murdered. The two stories have a main character, Frankenstein and Macbeth. They both have a hero and a heroine in them. In the story, Macbeth and Frankenstein suffer due to their simple mistake that led to serious consequences. Both the stories arise pity and fear in the audience or readers. Towards the end, we feel a need for these characters to be punished for their crime (Nemesis). The stories end with the death of Frankenstein and Macbeth. The tragedy lies in the fact that their greatness is being wasted. We see passion and ambition tempt an essentially good man to embark on a course of action that sends him on the downward path to destruction. Macbeth and Frankenstein are driven by passion, which ultimately become their tragic flaw. Frankenstein is not a villain. He is a tragic figure who was tempted and who fell. Macbeth on the other hand, is not merely a tyrant.

Evidence Based Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence Based Health - Essay Example The sample should be satisfactory in terms of size, representation of the whole population and relevance to the study. Selection of the wrong sample and sample size will lead to poor conclusions and results therefore leading to wrong implementation. The success of any research work depends highly on the selection of the participants and the participation level of the participants. The selection of the participants from those who were to join the university made the research a worthy activity to undertake. Participants selected should be from a group privy to the research outcome (Boyer, 1990, p34-37). The researcher selected participants from a vulnerable group. Though this was not a full representation of the group, the researcher was able to monitor the trends of the students as they continued with their studies. The research was aimed at investigating whether students’ anxieties and depressions increase after entering college, how much adverse life experiences lead to their increases, as well as the influence of adversity, depression and anxiety on test performance. The use of the sample data would enable the researcher establish the level of increase in the student depressions and anxiety and impacts on exam performance. However, the researcher should also have used the continuing students and those who had already completed their studies in order to reach at a conclusive decision and recommendations. The sample selected was to benefit from the research outcome as the recommendations made would impact their lives. The researcher ensured that the privacy of the students is maintained by use of questionnaires where the identity of the students was not to be revealed when answering them. The participants were briefed of the essence of the research but were not given the chance to state their position in participation. The participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity. In my view,

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Ethics - Essay Example This may be problematic for the healthcare personnel to diagnose the actual disease a patient will be suffering from, and it may be difficult to apply proper medication to the patient. This is dangerous since it can be harmful to the patient in the long run. However, there are certain instances where breach of confidentiality can be viewed in a positive light. If a patient, particularly an adolescent, is diagnosed with a disease that can be harmful to him or her, then there is a need for breach of confidentiality if it is necessary for the parents to know the case. If the disease is also a threat to the community at large, then it may be imperative for the healthcare practitioner to breach confidentiality. In this particular case, Hathaway believes that harm will come to Andrea who has been diagnosed with cervical cancer unless the parents are informed of the diagnosis of the disease. The problem is that the patient is minor, hence she may not follow proper channels of having the dis ease cured unless her parents are informed. It is also difficult in different healthcare systems in the US for a minor to be treated with such disease without parental consent. Therefore, for the benefit of the minor in this case, it will be ideal to breach confidentiality. 2. ... The case of cervical cancer can pose a threat to public health if it is not controlled. Therefore, measures should be taken in order to ensure that public health is not negatively affected, hence the reason to breach the principle of confidentiality. The virtue theory, on the other hand, talks about what a good person will do in certain circumstances in life (1). In this case, a good person will take measures that are meant to protect the patient as well as the community at large. Any action that is beneficial to the community and the patient is appropriate though it may entail that confidentiality will be breached. These two ethical theories give the healthcare practitioner a leeway to make positive decisions though they may be in breach of confidentiality. 3. In order to address the dilemma presented in this particular case study, there are different stages that can be taken. First and foremost, it is imperative to diagnose the situation and identify all the problems associated wit h the scenario. It is important to gather as much information as possible about this particular problem so as to be in a better position to gain an insight into it. Having identified the problem, it becomes important to try to come up with as many solutions as possible to the problem identified. Once the probable solutions have been identified, the healthcare professional involved can then take the opportunity to select the best possible solutions that are likely to yield the best results from taking that particular course of action. When the best solution has been found, then it can be implemented in order to address the situation. However, implementing the decision is not an end in itself but part of an ongoing process. For instance, it will be important to

Do Mobile Applications Creat Faster Interfaces than Mobile Website Essay

Do Mobile Applications Creat Faster Interfaces than Mobile Website Design - Essay Example The two popular ways of accessing websites are mobile applications and mobile website design. The website design is a site that can re-design itself to fit various sizes of devices e.g. phones, tablets, desktops and others. An application is a program meant to accomplish a goal; it is downloaded by the user for use (Duckett 43). The design process involves the use of software to design a site. A two dimensional plane is used to help the creator imagine a site. The creator then defines actions to guide visitors of the site or app. The next step is to choose and mix colors and test the site (Myers 92). When creating the applicationWhen the application was used by a volunteer, it was found that the app provided a faster interface than the website. The browsing process was fast. The reason behind this is the fact that the application uses mainly UI elements. This means the application uses the data necessary only. This process saves on time. However, a complaint raised by the volunteer was that the application took a long time to launch. The time taken to launch the application will have to be reduced to increase efficiency. Maintenance of the app requires that it is frequently updated to keep up with new information relevant to the company or institution. Below is a screenshot of the coding

Nigeria issue report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nigeria issue report - Research Paper Example existing there. The majority however, remains Muslims in the north and Christians in the south. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, Nigeria built its forts in the areas of economics through regional and international trade, and on agrarian bases. However, the major part of her trade was in slaves. In the 1700s, Nigeria was ridden with the slave trade. Slaves from there were taken to Britain for trade. â€Å"Between 1798 and 1847, 4,300,000 slaves were taken from West Africa of which, the English were chiefly responsible† (African Affairs). This trade slave gave Nigeria revenue which they badly needed then. However, it was the British who abolished cross-border trade in slaves in 1807 that this trade took a hit in Africa, and subsequently, in Nigeria. Nonetheless, slave trade was still an integral part of Nigerian economy, according to Heaton and Falola, in their book, ‘A History of Nigeria’. The Nigerian region was vastly dependent on this slave trade for their economic wealth and political stability, as the leaders used the trade of slaves to promote their campaigns† (Falola). After Great Britain’s fight against human trade, Nigeria shifted to trading products such as spices, palm oil, etc. However, slavery was not wiped out as soon as the 1807 act was passed. The British gained power over the Subcontinent through the East India Company. The same tactic was adopted in Nigeria, where the Royal Niger Company was under the command of the British Government. â€Å"While its existence was of a short period, it played a pivotal role in helping the British take control of Nigeria† (Falola). According to Heaton’s and Falola’s research, Nigeria became part of the British Empire in 1901. The British ruled over Nigeria with their motto the same as in all the other countries that were colonized by them; divide and conquer. Nigeria was ruled as two separate regions, Northern and Southern

Nike Just Do it advertising campaign analysis Essay

Nike Just Do it advertising campaign analysis - Essay Example Major trends in marketing Global marketing has witnessed several trends that have revolutionized the ways companies inform and persuade customers to start using their products and services. One of the trends is the shift from mass media advertising to specialized media that caters for personalized consumption patterns and segmentation of the market in terms of income levels, tastes and preferences (Batra, Myers and Aaker, 2009). In this case, Just Do it campaign initially focused on the mass market through appealing to target audience regardless of income, age, and sporting activities. However, Nike shifted the campaign to niche markets such as athletics sports, football and young generation who prefer fitness through seeking celebrity endorsements (Batra, Myers and Aaker, 2009). Another trend is the use of data-based marketing as opposed to focus marketing thus Nike has shifted its efforts to market research activities that aim at identifying the consumer incomes changes, changes in tastes and preferences (Shah, K & D’Souza, 2009). Accordingly, the internet and new media channels like YouTube, direct marketing through e-mails and digital platforms like twitter and online discussion forums have enabled Nike to cut its advertising costs on traditional media and focus on new media channels that elicit high feedback and interest among consumers. Web-based marketing has enabled companies to reach the global market due to instance response and its ability to elicit responses. Another major trend in marketing is the event marketing that entails face-to-face conversations via trade shows, live events and corporate meetings (Carbasho, 2010). Nike uses several sporting events to... This essay " Nike ‘Just Do it† advertising campaign" analyze Nike's commercial and why it become so successful. Nike aimed at attaining several objectives with the ad campaign. First, the company wanted to gain brand awareness and recognition during the fitness craze in order to gain market share in the American market. Accordingly, the company aspired to create good relations with potential consumers through providing inspiring messages and encouraging consumers to pursue their dreams. At the same time, Nike was geared at informing the consumers of the benefits of fitness, sports and benefits that could be derived from purchasing Nike’s athletic shoes and sporting apparel. Accordingly, the use of the slogan in merchandise such as school bags and jumpers was geared at creating primary demand for the non-sport and Nike-related commodity market through demonstrating the value of Nike products. Advertising aims at positioning the product in order to create a distincti ve impression on the minds of the consumers and assign an intangible value to the brand. Accordingly, Just Do It ad aimed at linking the social lifestyle in America with the brand’s image through making consumers understand Nike cares for their health and wellbeing. In addition, Nike aimed at winning back the previous customers who had shifted to competitors like Adidas and minimise the existing negative attitudes towards Nike products). Nike sought to build brand loyalty in a friendly manner and increase sales among the existing consumers.

Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism - Assignment Example There are many Muslims who are very peaceful and do not support terrorism. However, it is important to listen to the voices of the few who have been involved in terrorist activities. Here it is important to put a clear line between Islam as a religion and Islamic extremism. Islam as a religion promotes peace while Islamic extremism promotes the use of violence in the name of defending Islam (Streusand, 2003). Krauthammer (2002) says that we cannot refute the argument by Professor Samuel Huntington that Islam has bloody borders. The real agitation of the Muslims is that their religion is being overtaken by the West culture. Traditionally, Islam was a dominant religion and they used Jihads to impose their culture, values, and beliefs on other people. This is not the case today as most people are now adapting to the western culture. The Muslims have responded to this by putting a border between the western culture and the Islamic culture. This has even been done through violence. In Nig eria when an author published an offensive image in the newspaper, the Muslims reacted by killing Christians, burning the newspaper offices and issuing a death warrant for the author of the article. The Muslims in this case lay the blame on Christians for loss of Islamic values. There has also been prolonged war between the Palestinians who are Muslims and Israelites who are the Jews. Another example is the September 11th attack on the U.S.A; this was seen as a greatest milestone in the world of Islamic extremist because they believe the United States is a key advocate of â€Å"satanic activities†. In countries where Christianity and Islam are practiced on almost equal levels there have been great religious conflicts. This has been witnessed in Sudan where the Arab Muslims have carried out genocide campaigns against the African Christians. In these countries there have been clear borders between the Christians and the Muslims. If one religion resides in the west the other res ides east or if one resides in the north the other resides at the south and conflicts are common between the two. This is not just limited to Christianity; there were Pakistan- Kashmir terrorist attack against the Indian Hindus. From the above, it clearly shows that the Islamic extremists are much determined to protect their religion. They will respond with violence any action that goes against the values of Islam. However, some have used religion to protect their oppressive regimes. They carry out terrorist activities against other states claiming they are non-believers. They would want to rally the Islamic world on their side in order to stay in power. Such regimes attack nations that advocate for human rights or oppose their oppressive regimes. This group is not sincere and should be resisted at all costs. Those that need to be listened to are the ones sincerely fighting to protect Islam. The important question here is that, how can this be addressed? Despite the great difference in culture and values between the West and the Muslims it is important for the west to consider what the Muslims think. It is important to respect their religion, culture, and beliefs. Muslims put more faith in Mohamed as their prophet. The west should not ridicule Mohamed in any way. The policy changes that are necessary include political, social, and economic policies. The Islamic world does not hate the

Why Obama Won Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Why Obama Won - Assignment Example By taking into concern the current situation of this contemporary world, it can be stated that the political parties need to become market-oriented, by recognizing public demands and most importantly, by designing an effective party product. In this similar context, the party product may comprise certain important factors including policies, constitutions, symbols, organizations and ideologies. It has been apparently observed that an effective political marketing imposes significant impacts upon several important aspects which include political decisions, market orientation strategies, online association marketing and media coverage initiatives (Marshment & Rudd, n.d.). Besides, the notion of political marketing is also viewed as a sort of commercial marketing that emphasizes upon forming, preserving as well as improving long-term interrelation with the voters for the purpose of attaining significant success and expected objectives (Shaughnessy, 2001). In addition, an effective polit ical marketing is all about shaping and delivering accurate message to the key audiences in order to obtain considerable success, especially in the political field (Ren Scott Creative Marketing, n.d.). In this discussion, a detailed analysis will be taken into concern regarding how an effective political marketing supported US President Barack Obama succeed in defeating Mitt Romney to earn a second term. Analysis Brand Difference of Obama and Romney Considering the recent changes in the US political environment, it can be stated that it is the democratic brand which mainly differed Obama from Romney who possessed republican brand. A major difference that can be viewed in this regard is that Obama largely supported the ideas as well as the policies based on Democratic Party while conversely, Romney deciphered strong concern towards Republican Party’s theories and concepts. Furthermore, US President Obama, from the very beginning, was observed as much keen towards introducing a s well as developing significant democratic policies concerning international relations, supporting legalization particularly for illegal immigrants and augmenting employment opportunities among others. These quality facets of democratic policies can be viewed as a significant factor which contributed to the success of Obama helping the common people to interpret the policies as mainly formulated for the interests of the nation (Carothers, 2012). This significant aspect, i.e. the democratic brand of Obama might have significantly assisted him to attain success and win for a second term as US President by a large extent. The democratic branding of Obama evolved over the course of the campaign when he included republican idea into his proposal relating to health insurance reform. According to the proposal, a few of the initiatives based on republican ideas have been taken into concern under the guidance of Obama. In this regard, the initiatives included facilitating varying health ins urance premiums on the basis of participation in programs relating to employer wellness, establishing standardized mechanisms to enhance healthcare quality and superior access towards different community based health centers (The White House, n.d.). Conversely, the republican branding of Romney evolved over the course of the campaign when he acclaimed prior to the election that it is possible to mitigate the loss of revenue resulting from tax cuts by eradicating different deductions as well as exemptions, especially for the upper-income individuals of the US. However, a few of the republicans were significantly criticized regarding the viewpoint of Romney regarding the

Summary of College Pressure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of College Pressure - Essay Example The primary goal has become that they should pursue courses that would lead them towards a life of financial and economic security. Majors that Zinsser has described as ‘pre-rich’ become the primary choice of students yet it fails to yield a definite answer on why they take them. He illustrated specific examples wherein students put more emphasis on the aesthetics of their transcript. The value that is placed on being appealing on paper and how they often overexert effort to achieve all of these as a clear sign of peer pressure. There is concurrently the matter of the parents, whether advertently or inadvertently, putting pressure on their children in the hopes that they get better careers for their financial security. It is a common occurrence that the parents choose for their children in view that they are wiser because they are older. Failing is not an option and planning is the key. Despite all of these, the author specifies the good points of today’s generation. He points out that they are kind and they are accommodating to people. They often juggle interests with their studies but in turn may only aggravate pressures. In essence, he hopes for a better college experience where ‘getting ahead’ is not the end-all and be-all of these students lives. Zinsser mentioned how most of those he knew got into where they are not exactly on a perpendicular way but through hurdles. â€Å"That there is no one "right" way to get ahead -- that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination† (Zinsser, par. 40). Rather, that they sit back and consider that detours are integral part of

German Expressionism Essay Example for Free

German Expressionism Essay German expressionism is one of the most fundamental movements of early cinema. With its basic foundation stemming from the creation of the Universum Film AG in 1917 by the German government, expressionism found a happy home in Germany until, arguably the late 1920s (Wolf). Expressionism changed the canvas of cinema with its technical innovations as well as its impact on Hollywood, not only with its borrowing of ideas, but with the emigration of German actors, writers, and directors to Hollywood, such as Murnau and his creation of Sunrise (Welsh, 98). American films at the same time as this movement in Germany were based in realism, with very distinct ideas of good and bad, comedy, and aesthetics. German film was seen as highly compound, with thick, perplexing stories that were more solicitous instead of being superficial. The notable works from this movement have been time tested references to the rise of cinema, and have been looked upon for reference in film genres in later years not only because of the innovation and place in history, but also for the overt artistic styling that has been difficult to match since. It seems as though German cinema, almost all together must be discussed in its own category. Just as French cinema, historically speaking, Germany has seemed to keep at least a somewhat independent cinema culture from that of Hollywood and its beginnings are either independent from Hollywood or influencing for the most part. Although its beginnings were earlier, â€Å"†¦the period roughly between 1897 and 1908, motion pictures in Germany had graduated from a side-show novelty to a fast developing form, if not of art, then certainly of popular entertainment† (Figge, 308). By 1909, however, hundreds of new cinemas were offering longer and more cohesive programs†, which laid the groundwork for the progressive technical explosion that was the Expressionist movement (Figgins, 308). Germany reached a height in silent cinema in the 1920s, the time after World War I (Wexman 38). This was a national time of crisis with most of the culpability of the Great War being put on Germany not only politically, but more enduringly and impactfully, economically; this created discord in the sociopolitical environment. Due to such social upheaval, film as seen as an expression of â€Å"counter activity† to the state of affairs in Germany (Wexman, 38). German expressionism is one of the more major film movements which helped mold the face of early cinema, and has had enduring impacts on the horror genre, film noir and is even seen trickling into modern day cinema. The innovations that came along with this movement are astounding, especially given the modicum of improvement in physical film itself, which one could argue, were brought about by the mass creative and artistic movement expressionism fundamentally is. Some of these technical aspects include a highly subjective and dynamic camera, design innovations including staging and set designs, and being the first movement to actually implement scripting of films (Dilman). Telltale signs of expressionism are the use of backlighting to create a sense of dimensionality and montage, and splicing the film together to make the story be more seamless and continuous, which was also a style used by the Soviet film movement (Figge, 313). Some of the indications of expressionism seem to be the anti-heroism, the complex philosophical and psychological plots and primarily urban settings. The scenes are intentionally shot to look staged, creating an alternate reality on screen with its highly geometric scapes, tilted stages, clashing vertical and horizontal lines and overshadowing. Indeed as Warm said, Expressionist film is art come to life (Wexman). Historical and mythological themes are very telling of this movement, as are abstract story lines that seem philosophically or psychologically provoking, fantastic ideas, and â€Å"careful visual patterns† (Wexman 40). Mythology obviously had an influence on Metropolis, as the machine in the film turns from robot into a pagan god, demanding the sacrifice of the workers. This constructs the notion that the machine is more important than the lives of the machinists, the way urban culture existed in the moment, machine is more important than man; progress is the most important idea in society, replacing a sense of community and order of nature. This idea of a crisis of modernity influenced many films in Germany throughout the 1920s. The idea of urban life being pitted against rural life is the subject of Sunrise, giving the audience the choice between the naive and desirable maternal figure in opposition to the fast, dark, evil â€Å"Vamp† woman from the city, embodying urban culture and its certain destruction of current livelihood. This again reiterates the theme of the unavoidable but unwanted nature of modern, urban life in opposition to the much-desired rural, complacently comfortable setting that was more trusting. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is seen as the height of expressionism (Welsh, 98). Without exaggerating, it is impossible to discuss expressionism without discussing Caligari, not just for the film advancements, but because it seems to be one of the most artistically set films of the time as well as being one of the truly first expressionist films to be made (although it is not the first), Caligari was, in an important sense, a blind alley for German films of this period, because it sought its identity outside the inherent possibilities of the film medium. In spite of the use of irises, medium shots, and crosscutting, it remains essentially theatrical†¦The point is significant, because at this time the question was being asked, ‘What can the movies do that the theatre can not do? ’ Caligari provided no clear answer to this challenge. (Figgins, 310-311) All of the characters are highly psychological, some being downright neurotic. This can be evidenced by the blurring of the lines of good and evil, the questioning of sanity and the feeling of helplessness of the main characters in the film, most notably, the Somnambulist who has absolutely no control over his doing. By being out of control, he can be seen as evading all of his worldly responsibilities, one can excuse his behavior (read: murdering of innocent townspeople) because it is not he who has the intention, but rather is being compelled into this anti-social behavior. With this in mind, it is easy to see expressionism being a symptomatic artistic release, emerging out of a post-war world turned upside down, where one must question their morals due to justification of war (especially because Germany was involved with unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I), and coming to terms with shouldering the majority of the responsibility for the casualties. Themes of expressionism carried over into Hollywood’s birth of the American horror genre of the 1930s, with it’s expressionist camera angles, movements, overly dramatic makeup and lighting, fantastic subjects and the feeling of chaos, a sense that the world in spinning out of control. Many of these themes have seemed to have lasting impacts, and were characteristic of many Alfred Hitchcock films. While Hitchcock favored tight scenes, he still preferred to give the audience a sense of unease with his camera movements, creatures, and most definitely, chaos. However, it is certain that Hitchcock is more characteristically modernist, with his angles and restoration of the disharmony of his films. Film Noir is another genre that seemingly stemmed out of expressionism. The use of stark contrasts of shadows and the obscurity of faces and landscapes is showing of expressionist qualities. The disorientation brought on by the camera direction style also echoes the disorientation, which was popular in the movement. The protagonists seem to be flawed, which is also a mirrored quality, exemplified by the main character in Sunrise, who has no issue initially with his infidelity or thoughts of murdering his wife to be able to be with the Vamp from the city. The urban settings of Noir films also seem to be reminiscent of German film themes of the 1920s (Naremore 12, 26). In fact, one might argue that Film Noir is basically expressionism revisited, keeping in line with most of the expressionist qualities, save the more stark landscapes and police themed-ness of the melodramas. Modern day directors still use themes and techniques associated with the Expressionist movement. Most notably and obviously would be the ever famous Tim Burton, where commonalities and homage exist heavily. For instance, it can be argued that Gotham City in Burton’s creation of Batman was modeled after the city in Metropolis, and his theme of the corrupt city is reminiscent of Sunrise. It is hard not to see the similarities of the character Edward from Edward Scissorhands and the somnambulist from The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari from the inception of the character on the screen, in the major aspects. Most likely, expressionism will seep into cinema either subtly or overtly for many years to come. German expressionism can be seen as being the influencer of genres, groundbreaking creator of overly artistic production, and arguably the art of horror film. This movement itself has helped spawn the rise of other genres and movements, and has been looked upon for stylistic and creative (admittedly sometimes hyper-creative) reference in film genres in later years due to the innovation and canvas that was created in service of the period. Indeed, German expressionism is a major film movement which helped mold the face of early cinema, but one cannot contain the ideas and art that came from this movement into the years of the 1920s and 1930s as the impact it left is seen in many later genres and generations, the horror genre, film noir and modern day cinema.

Advantages Of The Recycling Process

Advantages Of The Recycling Process As the word recycling denotes to, it involves a process in which used materials are processed chemically or by a scientific processes or organically into new products for further use, which comes as the useful material out of the waste. There are many kinds of recycling process being initiated, be it paper recycling, plastic recycling, garbage recycling, to name a few among the common features of recycling process involved. The need that arises to recycle used material and products, be it plastics, garbages etc is significant in a sense given that environmental concerns and the impact of used material to be precise has had a detrimental effect on the environment. Environmentalists are very much in favor of the recycling concepts, given that it adds ups to the environmental cause and the benefits are tremendous. There are many advantages of the recycling process involved for material or any matter thereof. The significance and importance of recycling process also cannot just be sided apart and brushed inside the carpet. Many prominent personalities and global leader are also very much in favor of recycling concepts and measures initiated in that regard. To top it all, with scientific and technological advancement, the process of recycling also have been made easier and convenient enough to derive the best out of every measured undertaken and in a sense to produce fresh material out of the material already in use. The cost involved also is lesser with long term benefits; ecologically that is initiated through sustainable measures. Purpose and Issue The subject matter in generic when it concern to recycling is a huge avenue to explore upon, literally. There are bundles of materials and coverage that defines the many faces of recycling process, its advantages, disadvantages, significance and all in between the feature that stand aloof from the ordinary. What is particular to recycling can be analyzed from different lenses. Generally, recycling has a greater impact today than ever before. The subject matter of its discussion and pointer for arguments also is a heated topic, either in the academic, political and environmental groups and their circles. Emphasizing in respect of the subject matter in discussion, it should be clarified herein that the purpose of this report is to define the many aspects of recycling in general and what makes it so important and significant in the contemporary world today. Issue that is interrelated to the subject matter also can be analyzed from an objective perspective. Take for instance the concern being raised for garbage and waste disposal that are generated and garbage management process involved that harms the environment and its surrounding. In another instance, question that also arises can be bracketed towards material and products that are being used haphazardly and disposed off unnecessarily. Yet there is every purpose to be identified that may be significant to counterview the essence of recycling, and everything involved in it. In that capacity and in context of recycling in general, the question and purpose of this report is to define and extrapolate the following questions in general as can be summarized below:- What defines the nature and significance of recycling in general? How can recycling be achieved for its designated purpose and benefits to be generated in that regard? Does the question of recycling in general readily register with the public domains? If that is the case then how, and why not if it is otherwise? Does recycling takes shapes only from the environmental concern being raised in the materialistic world that we live in? Above all, what are the features in substance involving recycling? How are recycling process achieved, and what are the different aspects of recycling? In general, and in particular to this question, recycling can be of many different types. Take for instance paper recycling, plastic recycling, e-material waste recycling to name a few among its class, which involves different tactics and scientific process involved to achieve the desired goals of recycling as a measure for environmental benefits. Considering these question in general, it should be clarified that this report attempts to extrapolate the many aspects of recycling process in general in consideration of the above-mentioned question, which is discussed as follows. Defining the Nature and Significance of Recycling Looking back as to where recycling and its concepts originated is hard to trace and is based on speculation, although people have been recycling material and products one or the other way since longtime back. And the concept of recycling is not a new altogether. But its impact and that which register readily with the public is felt with greater force in the contemporary context. To start with in this regard specific to this part of the discussion, experts and scholars are of the opinion that nature possesses a tremendous capacity to recycle several categories of waste by biodegradation aided by decomposer organism on earth. (Rajiv K. Sinha, 2008, p. 43) This is true in a sense, given that recycling process at best can be aided by the process of biodegradation. Yet there are certain things that biodegradations at times make it hard to reach the salient objective of recycling processes, that also for certain material and products and that which calls for technology and scientific advancement. Nonetheless, with scientific and technological advancements today, recycling process can be aided and facilitated accordingly in reaping the results that has a greater impact to make a change and stabilize the negative effects of waste materials that are generated daily in huge capacity by people across the globe and their activities. Going back to the nature of recycling, it should be looked into the encompassing facts that several municipal and as well as solid industrial waste have the potential to be recycled, where the call of the time is for appropriate technology. The good news although is that new technique are being maximized considerably to make the recycling process worth enough in recovering materials that maybe useful for further use after processing, rather than going to the landfill. (Rajiv K. Sinha, 2008, p. 43) In this respect, we can reason that recycling process has a greater significance than ever before. As a matter of fact, people around the globe today also are harnessing the best out of what technology has to offer and making the best use of it to recycle waste products and garbages into some useful materials as byproducts. Moreover, a point to consider again when it matter to recycling concepts in general is that its impact and awareness is being felt greatly in the current scenario. Add to it, the good news is that the growth for market for many classes of recycling material is due in part due to policy incentives, but also to more general conditions. (OECD, 2006, p. 11) Questions being raised by policy makers and environmentalist alike when it concerns the environment also counter point the salient instance for recycling and its initiative. The need to facilitate a habitual cause showered a way as well to be precise, where recycling and its processes is the call of the hour as an urgent measure to keep the environment in check from distracting elements. In context of the above notion and its arguments, what we can reason again is the fact that many cases and causes of recycling and its development process take roots under instances and measures initiated by public authority for a solution that seeks and attempts to reach a conclusion that is beneficial, (OECD, 2006, p. 11) for the environment, the society and feeding the ever increasing needs of the materialistic society that we live in today. To conclude in this regard, attending to the need of the society for material and products can be reasoned again to be good enough to be reached through recycling process, where waste materials are processed as byproducts, either be it for paper, e-waste, garbages etc through measures wherein recycling assist and further expands the very notion of ecological measures and sustainable development process in the contemporary society today. Environmental Concerns and the many face of Recycling In each and every instance when it matter to the subject matter arguments, environmental concerns and its features have always make a mark to claims a place of contention in between to derive astonishing discussion in the society. Measure initiated accordingly and in respect to derive best available solutions towards the hazard of waste material is also one pointer to put into force for a constructive solution through recycling processes. In respect of the abovementioned pointer, the need for recycling also can be looked again not only to the environmental concerns alone, but also towards public health and safety in regard. The best example in that capacity also can be emphasized and measured in contention towards industrial waste such as chemicals and their source activity that posit greater hazards (DIANEPublishingCompany, 1996, p. 33) to the environment as well to the society and public health in the forms of insecticides, herbicides, chemical paints, waste and harmful construction materials, waste oils, which carry within them a residue that is harmful and can impact the environment negatively in many ways. (DIANEPublishingCompany, 1996, p. 33) Hence, concerns being raised are not unnecessarily. The objective to define the features of recycling also can be put into force the practicality of the process involved overall in seeking a solution that is effective ad has greater benefits for the society today. What have been the crucial development that brought about the necessary measures in context of recycling processes are the features that relates towards waste material management itself and the concern being raised and options available in that regard. There is every point to note the fact from an ecological perspective, wherein the concerns have been over the effect of human actions on the environment, (Robert V. Percival, 1997, p. 3) which is a matter of fact. Increasing human activities in the societies have brought about many changes that have impacted the environment drastically. Moreover, waste that are generated daily that amount to millions of tons are finding it hard to find a landfill. The sad state is that the materialistic world that we live in further makes the issue of waste and its generation worse in a sense. Its something that goes like the adage something lost in translation. Yet solutions are there, but with least effect given the development stages and ever increasing wants of humans. Considering these crucial aspects and the critical issue of waste and its environmental impact, the questions that can be been raised again as a matter of fact is where to put up all the waste material generated daily apart from the recycling process for certain waste materials. The hard fact is that people and the society today have found themselves in situations where it reached a stage of declining of landfills, wherein the features of it reflect many factors in context of recycling as a necessary measure to be undertaken. To top it all, the fact that is relevant also can be emphasized again to the question and its arguments being raised to many aspects of waste material and garbages landfills that have been closed as they pose unacceptable environmental risks related to locations, designs, operations and most importantly because such landfills have filled up, (Richard A. Denison, 1990, p. 4) where a solution to such concern and problems are being initiated in context of recycling waste and other materials for a solution that also facilitate an environmental cause. Yet the development process in that regard is heading in a snail pace, despite the many measure being taken towards environmental concerns and the need for recycling for a lasting and relevant solution. An Exemplification of Recycling Types and their Benefits In general and looking at the concerns being raised towards waste material, we are of the opinion that there are many forms and formats of recycling processes and their types to differentiate upon. Take for example recycling process initiated toward paper, plastic, e-waste, metals and glasses and the environmental benefits that can be derived to be precise in each one of it. Plastic as we know of are one of the many hazards thats posits harmful and negative ecological impact. Take for example the fact that it would be hard to imagine a modern society today without plastic, given that plastic have found itself a place in myriad uses in fields as diverse as home appliances, construction, medicines, and packaging, (Goodship, 2007, p. 5) to name a few of its many uses that human cannot do away with or without. Hence the effect of its waste on the environment is also greater, and posits many risks and health concerns. As a matter of fact, the benefits from recycled plastic to be precise are tremendous. Generally, plastic are made from crude oil, hence recycling of plastic waste material further assist in conserving the natural resource in the form of crude oil, (Goodship, 2007, p. 5) feels experts. Looking back to this notion and reflecting the measure being initiated, we are of the opinion that the need for appropriate technology always make a mark to claim a place in instances as detailed above, given that several municipal and industrial waste has the potential to be recycled and processed for further use, and in that respect the need of the hour is appropriate technology for recycling, each one the suits specific purpose. (Rajiv K. Sinha, 2008, p. 43) To cite an example again when it concern to recycling; especially paper recycling, we are of the opinion that paper recycling and the benefits of it can be measured in great many ways, given that out of new paper, hard cardboard, and other high grade paper that are recycled, by products can be generated in the form of new material that are recovered by the application of available technology for use again in the most effective way. (Rajiv K. Sinha, 2008, p. 44) Besides, out of paper recycling to be precise and the endeavor made and facilitated in that regard as well, many environmental causes can be kept at check or minimize the same in the most effective ways. The means to look for new paper also does not arise, if cases such as recycling of paper make readily available material for use that can be generated through recycling process. Conclusion What we can finally conclude is that technology, scientific, biological and chemical process comes as the best measure to be reached for each particular recycling measures initiated towards waste materials for a benefit outcomes. Going back and reflecting towards recycling altogether, and reaching a conclusion from an economic perspective, there is reason enough to reflect and to emphasized with the fact that recycling process of any given waste materials has value additions, given that waste has a negative economic and environmental value, and also add up as a big techno-economic problem for the society. (Rajiv K. Sinha, 2008, p. 41) Yet a point to note and the hard fact is that recycling and awareness measure initiated in that regard is good instance considering the issue at stake in aiding and furthering the essence and quality of life in the society for a sustainable solutions.

Economic recovery program of Ghana

Economic recovery program of Ghana CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This chapter attempts to provide an overview on the problem statement of the entire research work, objectives of the study, relevance of the study, methodology applied as the research unfolds and the organization of the study. 1.1 Background Ghana is one of the fast emerging developing countries in West Africa with twice the per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa. With well endowed natural resources, Ghana still relies heavily on international financial and technical assistance. Gold, cocoa and timber are the major sources of foreign exchange. The introduction of Ghanas Economic Recovery Program (ERP) in 1983 to recover the initially very weak private sector participation did improve consistently but although still levels were modest during 1987-91. Over the past years Ghana has witnessed dynamic changes in its private Sector. The number of banks has increased from 9 in 1989 to 21 at May 2006 (www.bog.gov.gh). These banks serve a prominent role as corporate entities that provide investment capital in the economy to support employment opportunities, human resources development and contribute towards national and community development programmes (Aryeetey, E. Gockel, F. 1990). They primarily furnish loans to individuals and companies to finance various projects which lead to economic and private sector development. Brownbridge, M., Gockel, A.F. (1997) are also of the view that these financial institutions support savings and investment in the economy, which plays a major role in the overall development in terms of increasing productivity of resources in the economy. They further highlighted that this role of banks in the Ghanaian economy is crucial, in that shortcomings in the industry directly affect the trend of economic growth. In recent times Ghana has discovered crude oil, which is expected to boost the economic growth by bigger margins. Ghana has a unique welcoming attitude towards foreign investors; the long political stability of the country has attracted a lot of business investors to establish businesses in the country. The rate of foreign investors has not reduced as better prospects in doing business in Ghana are yielded in the long-run. The political state of the country has also been very peaceful with a vibrant atmosphere to establish businesses. During the fifth banking awards ceremony in Accra, Dr. Paul Acquah (Governor of Bank of Ghana) revealed that the banking industry in Ghana has become highly competitive due to the increased sophistication of customer needs coupled with tremendous global competition. He further stated that these reasons over the years have been the driving force for banks, in particular private owned banks, to focus on increasing shareholders value, delivering superior services aimed at achieving over all customer satisfaction and value. The concept of competition has introduced an overwhelming challenge among organisations worldwide. Most organisations are forced to compete by promptly responding to changes in national and world economies, technological changes, new business environments, cultural diversity and deregulation in emerging capital markets to improve overall organisational performance. Privately owned businesses in Ghana are constantly entwined in this fierce battle of global competition and the pressing need to sustain its existence in the growing rate of change in its environment. Recent trends in the Ghanaian economy have revealed that keen competition in the business sector has been as a result of an open market which promotes private sector participation. Though most private owned organisations have managed to survived, a considerable number of them do fail due to reasons not limited to economical and financial factors. A study conducted by Dun and Bradstreet (cited by Gaughan Patrick A. 1999, pp. 432) reveals that there are three most common factors that cause business failure such as economic, financial and experience factors (refer to Table 1). In some developing countries market forces are completely eliminated as a result of controls imposed by the ruling governments. These controls create adverse effects on the economy such as large fiscal deficits coupled with weak macroeconomic management leading to high inflation in the economy. The consequences are generally felt by banks and other non-banking institutions, in that, loans borrowed by individuals or organisations are not paid back due to economic hardship (Brownbridge M., Gockel A.F., 1997). According to Pfeffer J. (1994; p. 6), People and how organisations manage them are becoming more important because many other sources of competitive success are less powerful than they once were. He emphasises the fact that in recent times most organisations rely extensively on the traditional sources of competitive success such as product and process technology, regulated markets, access to capital resources, and economies of scale which provide an insignificant competitive influence as compared to the past. He further argues that organisational culture and potential employee contributions derived from managing employees in an organisation are crucial as compared to the traditional sources of competitive success. Employees have been referred to as assets to a firm or an organisation when they possess the right skills needed to work effectively and efficiently (Odiorne G. S, 1984). However, these employees may possess diverse capabilities that lead to various potential contributions to an organisation because of previous education, experience, or individual qualities. In view of the fact that employees contribution to the organisation determines extensively competitive success, their individual skills are considered vital (Pfeffer J. 1994). 1.2 Problem Statement The gradual transformation of Ghana has had a lot of positive feedback from other nations, but will this transformation termed economic growth survive the long-term or would it collapse somewhere in the future? What are the main strengths and weaknesses of the private sector? Will the private sector support sustainable development? Has Ghanas initiative to increase private sector participation been successful? What measures has Ghana taken liberalize its economy to encourage private sector participation? Recent discovery of crude oil (black gold) in Ghana has brought higher hopes to accelerating the countries development goals into reality. This is what the recent ex-president of Ghana, President John Kufuor had to say in an African programme with the BBCs Focus Were going to really zoom, accelerate, and if everything works, which I pray will happen positively, you come back in five years, and youll see that Ghana truly is the African tiger, in economic terms for development. Will this oil discovery further attract new entrants into the financial sector and in the affirmative will this promote a competitive private sector environment? 1.3 Objectives of the Study The main objective of this thesis is to show the role of the private sector in contributing to business competitiveness and economic growth. The research limits its focus on the inflow of private non-financial and financial institutions in the Ghanaian economy as a result of the introduction of Financial Sector Adjustment Programme (FINSAP) in Ghana. The economy over the years has witnessed an increase in private sector participation, which has significantly promoted business competitiveness and contributed to a vibrant economy at large. Table 2: SMART Objective of the Study Strategic Operation Tactical Specific Evaluate the role of the private sector (Privately owned financial institution) contributing to business competitiveness and economic growth. Present a platform for private sector participation in economic development. Provide a primary evaluation for developers and investors who aspire to do business in Ghana. Measurable To fall within the framework of the private sector and factors leading to business competitiveness and economic growth. Increase real GDP. Impact of the private sector on economic growth. Note government policies that would prevent adverse effects on critical sectors of the economy. Attainable To recommend effective and sustainable business development strategy and policies that will enhance more participation in the private sector. Increase economic growth and improve effective and efficient business plans. Embark on comprehensive business competitiveness and productive performance within the various business sectors. Realistic The research will look extensively into government development goals as well as the private sectors role in development. Access to economic reports surveys from IMF. Ghana Government reports on development projects. The IMF monitors on a yearly basis the economic situation in Ghana. Time-Limited To complete the thesis within two months. This thesis expects to propose recommendation based on the information available at the time of writing. The recommendations and proposals are expected to be considered and if applicable implemented by other developing countries as well. Source: Self-prepared. Specifically, the thesis critically focuses on the following: The role of the private sector (privately owned financial institutions) contributing to economic growth in Ghana. To investigate the driving forces of Ghanas emerging markets. The role of the government promoting the private sector. The challenges and constraints facing the private sector. To evaluate the strategies being employed by Ghana in the private sector and its impact on the economy. 1.4 Significance of the Study The study will be beneficial in many respects: To help identify the success and bottlenecks of the significant economic contributions from private sector with regards to its contribution to economic growth business competiveness. It also reviews the strengths of the financial sector to support expansion of the private sector development and more importantly availability of credit facilities to promote businesses. It will help investors to get a fair idea of business establishment opportunities. To help formulate strategies to help implement better policies and promotions for the private sector development. 1.5 Methodology This study uses secondary data and literature to evaluate the topic. It also uses SWOT analysis to examine the strategic position of Ghana in improving its economic and business areas. The research will employ the use of CAMEL approach as the overall framework to evaluate the financial strength and stability of the Banking Industry in Ghana, where; C Capital adequacy, A Asset quality, M Management capability, E Quality and level of earnings, L Adequacy of liquidity 1.6 Organisation of the study The paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one presents the introduction, problem statement, objectives of the study, significance of the study, methodology and the organisation of the study. Chapter two gives an overview of the Ghanaian financial sector as well as reasons that led to the financial sector reforms. Chapter three gives an overview of the Ghanaian private sector. Chapter four uses CAMEL approach to analyse 4 major privately owned financial institutions. The final chapter looks at the overall findings, conclusions and recommendations. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Overview of the Ghanaian economy This chapter provides an overview of the Ghanaian economy and the Ghanaian Financial System. The chapter also looks at reasons that led to the introduction of the financial sector reforms, a SWOT analysis of financial sector adjustment program (FINSAP I II). Ghana is one of the developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa that introduced structural and economic reforms to address its extensive macroeconomic shortcomings, reduce poverty and to liberalize the financial sector. The broad money/GDP ratio fell significantly to 12.5% in 1983 as compared to 29% in 1976, whiles currency/M2 ratio also decreased from 35% in 1970 to 50% in 1983. Bank deposits decreased from 19.5% of GDP in 1977 to 7.4% of GDP in 1984 because there was lack of confidence in the banking industry (Brownbridge, M., Gockel, A. F. 1997). During the 1980s the Ghanaian economy was hit by the most devastating economic crisis (www.bog.gov.gh). This gave rise to numerous extensive economic drawbacks in the Ghanaian economy. Leechor Chad reveals in an article published by the World Bank the following economic crisis that plagued the Ghanaian economy between the years 1982 to 1983: The countrys power systems, communication, postal and railway services ceased to function properly and the whole country was in a state of chaos. Tax collection had declined to about 5% to GDP, investment dropped drastically beyond the level required to maintain capital stock. Real income per capita which was continuously diminishing for a decade was a third below the level reached in the early 70s as at 1983. Foreign exchange reserves deteriorated considerably. The Ghanaian economy was heavily controlled by the government in terms of setting unrealistic interest rates and sectoral credit ceilings; banks were forced to focus on lending to priority sectors (agriculture, export and manufacturing) regardless of the borrowers performance in terms of profitability and their capability to payback the loan. The economy was regulated to foreign investments and the strong existence of strict capital flow regulations (The Corporate Guardian, July-September 2006). Governments heavy intervention in the financial system set the stage for economic shortcomings a few such as lack of competition, high incidence of inefficiency, hardship and the escalating rate of non-performing loans (Leith, C. J., Sderling, L. 2000). Since the late 1980s, the government of Ghana continued to implement financial sector reforms as an integral part of its ongoing Economic Recovery Program (ERP) (Brownbridge, M., Gockel, A. F. 1997). Ghanas enthusiasm to initiate the ERP with close collaboration with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the year 1983-85 was to liberalise the financial sector and establish an open market-based economy by eliminating price ceilings, reducing the influx of foreign imports, diversifying viable sectors of the economy and stabilizing fiscal deficit. Ghana in 1984 launched the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) with the primary aim of reducing its involvement in the economy and allowing the free interaction of demand and supply (The Corporate Guardian, July-September 2006). However, during the period 1983-88 the performance of the banking industry deteriorated with high levels of non-performing assets (NPAs) and inefficient deposit mobilization which made most public banks insolve nt (Leith, C. J., Sderling, L. 2000). The government launched the first phase of the Financial Sector Adjustment Program (FINSAP) in 1988. This was to fully deregulate as well as liberalize the financial sector and improve resource allocation within the various sectors of the economy (www.oecd.org). Since 1983, Ghana has attached great importance to its divestiture initiative program. About 200 stated-owned enterprises (SOEs) were being considered for diversification under governments ongoing privatization initiative. At the end of the last two years, government still owned 35 enterprises valued at more than 60% of GDP in 2003 (IMF Survey, 2005). Governments expenditure during 1986-1991 increased and this called for policy reforms to enable government to meet its high spending. Government depended on the tax system to support its high level of spending. The Parliament of Ghana in 1993 increased tax on petroleum. However, the tax system could not supplement its GDP share to match the expenditure. Consequently this brought about deficit financing. Government resorted to other forms of financing its expenditure such as extensive borrowing from the Central Bank (issuing new notes), public and foreign borrowing, and privatization of sate-owned enterprises (Leith, C. J., Sderling, L. 2000). Over the years, Ghana has witnessed a massive transformation in its economy as a result of continuous implementation of financial sector reforms to deregulate the economy and stimulate savings, investment and growth. The Central Bank is constantly implementing policies adopted under FINSAP to ensure the entrants of privately owned financial institutions, free interest rates, stabilize the cedi against foreign currencies, encourage the flow of foreign investment and allow easier access to credits (www.bog.gov.gh). The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) was set up in 1989 as a private company limited under the Company code. The Stock Exchange act of 1971 (Act 384) allowed it to function as an authorized Stock Exchange. The Securities Industry Law PNDCL 333 (1993) as amended bestowed regulatory rights to the Security Regulatory Commission (SRC) with its main function to register, protect, assist and supervise all stakeholders in the securities market. In April 1994 the Ghana Stock Exchanges status became a public company limited (www.gse.co.gh). At the end of 2003, listed companies equity increased to 26 as compared to 22 in 2002 (www.gipc.org.gh). The performance of the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) has improved tremendously. All-share Index increased by 91.3% in 2005 as compared to 154.7% in 2003 (ISSER 2005). Flow of foreign investment increased from $110.0 million in 2003 to $139.3 million in 2004. In 2004 the cedi depreciated by only 2.2% against the US dollar, 10.7% against the Euro and 12.1% against the pound sterling. There was quite an improvement in the value of the cedi as compared to the previous year (2003) when the cedi depreciated by 22.5% against the Euro and 13.0% against the pound sterling. Average inflation fell from 26.7% in 2003 to 12.6% as at December 2004 (ISSER 2005). Ghana is the second largest producer and exporter of cocoa; the agriculture sector accounts for about 50% of GDP and is considered the backbone of economic development (www.ghanaweb.com). Real GDP growth in 2004 was 5.8% (www.gipc.gh). The tremendous performance of the Agricultural sector has supported Ghanas remarkable rate of economic growth over the years. The Agricultural sector contributes significantly to GDP growth. In 1990 GDP increased by only 3.3%, this was due to the negative 2% growth rate in the Agricultural sector that year. The year 1991 witnessed a GDP growth rate for the Agricultural sector by 5.8% which consequently increased the whole Ghanaian economy GDP by 5.3% in that year. The sector has also contributed immensely to the countrys foreign exchange earnings; 38.5% in 1999, 35.4% in 2000, 33.9% in 2001, 35.5% in 2002. (www.fao.org/es/esa). Other main exports are gold, timber, bauxite, manganese ore and diamond (BOG Quarterly Economic Bulletin, April June 2005). The performance of the agriculture sector over the years has immensely improved with growth rate of 7.5% in 2004 as compared to 6.1% in 2003. The production of cocoa for export contributed 46.7% during the year 2004, a significant portion of over all growth (ISSER 2005). The crops and livestock contribution increased from 2.3% in 2003 to 5.4% in 2004, the largest contribution to the agricultural sectors GDP. The forestry and logging sub-sectors increased by 6.1% in 2003, but dropped with a growth rate of 5.8% in 2004. (www.gipc.org.gh).The elimination of maximum lending rates and minimum time deposit rates succeeded to some extent in the liberalization of interest rates in 1987. Direct controls in the form of credit ceilings were also abolished. During the 1990s banks were at liberty to price deposits and loans and to distribute loans accordingly; however the Bank of Ghanas high reserve requirement limited the funds available for allocation (Brownbridge M. Gockel A. F 1997). These h igh reserve requirements prevented banks from developing their loan portfolios and consequently, most banks preferred to invest in attractive and somewhat risk-free government securities (strategis.ic.gc.ca) Interest rate dropped steadily owing to the Monetary Policy Committee (set up by the Bank of Ghana in 2004) decreasing prime rate from 21.5% in 2003 to 18.5% in 2004. Consequently, the commercial banks base rate has decreased from 29% to 25.4%. Interest rate for 91-Treasury bill fell from 18.71% early part of the year to 17.08% at the end of 2004. Interest rates for the 182-Day Treasury bill dropped from 19.78% during the early part of the year to 17.85% at the end of 2004. Inter-Bank interest rate also fell from 17.12% in January to 16.23% at the close of the year 2004 (www.gipc.org.gh) The Banks spread (21.3%) is still too high as compared to the other African countries (see table 3*). The banking industry has been structured in a way that banks are able to adjust their interest rates according to policy rates. Banks maintain a high spread to ensure that their profits are not significantly influenced by their interest margins (BOG financial stability report 2004). However, according to the BOG financial stability report 2006 the emergence of new banks will lead to an efficient financial sector which is expected to reduce the pressure on lending spread due to the fact that banks will continuously try to gain market share by competing for customers. Table 3: Selected Commercial Bank Interest Rates, 2000 and 2004 Deposit Rate Lending Rate Spread 2000 2004 2000 2004 2000 2004 Gabon 5.0 5.0 22.0 18.0 17.0 13.0 Ghana 16.8 7.5 47.0 28.8 30.2 21.3* Kenya 8.1 2.4 22.3 12.5 14.2 10.1 Mauritius 9.6 8.2 20.8 21.0 11.2 12.8 Mozambique 9.7 9.9 19.0 19.2 9.3 9.3 Nigeria 11.7 13.7 21.3 19.2 9.6 5.5 Tanzania 7.4 4.2 21.6 13.9 14.2 9.7 Uganda 9.8 7.7 22.9 20.6 13.1 12.9 Zambia 20.2 11.5 38.8 30.7 18.6 19.2 Source : International Financial Statistics, IMF Fiscal and Monetary Policy The financial policies implemented by monetary authorities in Ghana before the implementation of FINSAP were direct government controls on all sectors of the economy. Government excessive control in the economy by setting price and interest ceilings coupled with weak macroeconomic problems lead to a high level of inflation (Ziorklui, S. Q. 2001). Ghanas fiscal policy primarily aims at decreasing domestic debt, ensuring economic stability, cutting down on the increasing level of interest payments to achieve the required real interest rates. Consequently, the Bank of Ghana has adopted numerous strategies to address fiscal deficit and governments borrowing (www.gipc.org). Budget deficit was 0.55% of GDP during the second quarter of the year 2005 as compared to 1.18% of GDP during the last quarter of 2004. This showed significant decrease in the overall budget balance (Bank of Ghana Quarterly economic bulletin, April-June 2005). The Bank of Ghana in 2004 set up the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to mainly focus on formulating effective monetary policies, making available statistical data and providing necessary support in terms of advise for monetary policy formulation (www.bog.gov.gh). The MPC seeks to control inflation, stabilize price and exchange market, manage external debt and develop the capital market (www.gipc.org.gh). 2.1 The Ghanaian Financial System in Brief Ghanas banking sector has evolved over the years. There are 23 major banks (refer to table 7) operating in the banking sector in Ghana as at 2006. The Ghanaian banking sector is made up of 19 universal banks, 2 Development Banks, 2 Commercial banks including Apex Bank and 121 Rural Banks (www.bog.gov.gh). The introduction of universal banking in Ghana is overwhelmingly changing the way banks function in the economy. Unfortunately, not all banks operating in Ghana are eligible to be universal banks. To be eligible for banks to operate as universal banks they are expected to have at least 70 billion as shareholders capital (www.agighana.org). According to the Bank of Ghana universal banking substitutes the famous three-pillar banking model, namely development, merchant and commercial. Table 4: List of Major Banks in Ghana 2006 INITIALS BANK DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT NATURE OF BUSINESS ABL Amalgamated Bank 2000 Universal Bank ADB Agricultural Development Bank 1965 Development Bank BBG Barclays Bank Ghana 1918 Universal Bank CAL CAL Merchant Bank 1991 Universal Bank EBG Ecobank Ghana Limited 1990 Universal Bank FAMBL First Atlantic Bank 1995 Universal Bank FBL Fidelity Bank Limited 2006 Universal Bank GCB Ghana Commercial Bank 1952 Universal Bank GTB Guaranty Trust Bank 2006 Universal Bank HFC HFC Bank Limited 2002 Universal Bank ICB International Commercial Bank 1996 Universal Bank INTER Intercontinental Bank Plc 2006 Universal Bank MAB Metropolitan Allied Bank 1995 Commercial Bank MBG Merchant Bank Ghana Limited 1972 Universal Bank NIB National Investment Bank 1963 Development Bank PBL Prudential Bank Limited 1997 Commercial Bank SBL Stabic Bank Ghana Limited 2000 Universal Bank SCB Standard Chartered Bank 1896 Universal Bank SG-SSB SG-SSB Bank Limited 1976 Universal Bank TTB The Trust Bank 1994 Universal Bank UBA United Bank for Africa 2005 Universal Bank UNI Unibank Ghana Limited 1999 Universal Bank Zenith Zenith Bank 2005 Universal Bank Source:http://www.bog.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/BankingSupervision/Licensed%20Banks%20%20Addresses%20November%202008(1).pdf Until 1957 the West African Currency Board (WACB) acted as the only board under the Colonial regime conferred with the authority to exchange sterling to Gold Coast pound. Government of the then Gold Coast declared its intention to issue its own currency after independence. Politicians and economists were of the strong opinion that with the establishment of a Central Bank, Ghanas independence will have a significant meaning in political history. In view of this, preparations started which ended up in the establishment of the Bank of Ghana on the 4th of March 1957 under the Bank of Ghana Ordinance (No.34) of 1957 passed by the British Parliament. The whole idea for the establishment of a Central Bank was to meet the financial needs of vast indigenous sectors of the economy as well as the new independent Ghana government. After the establishment of Bank of Ghana (replaced WACB) as the central bank, the 1957 ordinance empowered the bank to primarily assume the following role in Ghana when it first begun formal operations on 1st August 1957 (www.bog.gov.gh): Printing out and redeeming bank notes and coins. Lender of last resort for banks in Ghana. Using fiscal and monetary policies to regulate money supply and maintaining monetary stability. Advise the government and be the main source to finance to the government of Ghana. Supervise and regulate all banks in Ghana. The legal and regulatory frameworks in which financial intermediaries operate in Ghana are as follows (www.bog.gov.gh): Bank of Ghana Act 2002, Act 612 Banking Act, 2004 (Act 673) Financial Institutions (Non-Bank) Law 1993, PNDC Law 328 Companies Code Act 179, 1963 Bank of Ghana Notices /Directives / Circulars / Regulations Non-Banking Financial Sector Ghana has achieved significant success in the economy particularly in the non-banking sector as a result of initiating the structural adjustment program, liberalizing the economy and by passing the Banking law in 1989 and the Non-bank financial law in 1993. These initiatives embarked by the government of Ghana have paved way for new entrants in the private sector and also transformed the existing financial institutions to diversify into the financial system. Consequently, there has been a rapid growth of Non-Bank Financial Institutes (NBFIs) with the prime aim of providing financial services to potential target groups outside the banking system (Ziorklui, S. Q. 2001). According to the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre the financial system in Ghana includes the following licensed non-Bank Financial Institutions: Insurance companies Stock exchange Building Society Mortgage Finance Co. Venture Capital Funding Financing Trust Company Credit unions Discount houses Financial houses Leasing companies Savings and loans associations 2.2 Objectives of Financial Sector Adjustment Program (FINSAP) According to Ziorklui S. Q. (2001), FINSAP was introduced and implemented in two phases. He further outlines the main objectives in both phases of the implementation. The first phase was implemented in 1988 with its main objectives as follows; FINSAP I Embark on restructuring to address financially distressed banks. Mobilize savings and strive to improve efficiency in the allocation of credit. Establish an effective regulatory and supervision system to monitor and improve the banking sector. Improve and strengthen the money and capital markets. To establish a non- performing assets recovery trust. The second phase of FINSAP was implemented in 1990 with the following objectives; FINSAP II Promote foreign investment and increase private participation in the banking sector in Ghana. Continue the implementation of policies adopted under the first phase of the financial sector adjustment program (FINSAP 1) to restructure the financial sector. Better manage the collection of non-performing loans by Non-Performing Assets Recovery Trust (NPART). Promote and develop non-Bank financial Institutions (NBFIs) to be more effective and efficient in savings mobilization. 2.3 SWOT Analysis Financial Sector Adjustment Program (FINSAP) This section seeks to determine whether the main objectives under the implementation of the financial sector reforms (FINSAP) are attainab