America’s economy after the Civil war Essay

After the Civil war in the United States, Corporations grew significantly in number, size, and influence between the 1870s and 1900s. Big business impacted America’s economy, politics and as well as the Americans responses to these changes. Big business began when entrepreneurs in search for wealth and success combined their business into massive corporations. Vertical and horizontal integration were tactics used to make business grow faster. Vertical integration is the acquiring of material from the bottom up for means of production, for example Carnegie used this strategy. Horizontal integration is the controlling of other companies that produce the same product, which Rockefeller used. The corporations were so large that they could and some did, force out the competition which resulted them in gaining control of that particular market. This allowed corporations to set the prices they desired, which affected the consumers pocket as that was the only place they could obtain the product or good from. Business men who ran these large industries became extremely wealthy, powerful and influential, often at the expense of many poor workers, and much of the public saw them as robber barons who exploited workers, in order to accumulate immense fortunes. For example, in 1882 Rockefeller solidifies his control by establishing a monopoly or trust, which centralized control of a number of oil related companies under one board of trustee. By 1879, Rockefeller controlled 90% of the county’s oil capacity. As a result of this, companies in other industries quickly imitated this trust model and used their broad market control to raise prices. Also in document A, statistics are shown of the index prices to the average prices during a certain period of time and it is evident that as the years progressed, the cost for food, fuel and lighting decreased significantly but the cost of living of also decreased but not to the degree of the above mentioned. Trusts were a common way to force out the competition and control a market in the 1800s. Big business also impacted America politically as seen on document D. This political cartoon shows wealthy industrial owners, which are taking up most of the space in the US senate and are coming in from a door that is labeled â€Å"Entrance for monopolist† and all the trusts are lines up to enter. Also, in the left corner there is a door labeled â€Å"People’s entrance† that had a â€Å"closed† hanging from it, which clearly shows that the people do not have a say in the senate. This means that industries have a great amount of power in the senate as well as a big impact politically. Also in document B, from George E. McNeill, a labor leader, is a short passage about â€Å"The problem of today† in 1887. He starts out explains how the railroad president holds so much power that it is almost as if he were the king of the railroad. The article states that the railroad king collects his tithes, which is the 1/10th annual income given to clergy and to support the church, by lowering the worker’s wages. He also has the power to fire anyone, take away their income, delay trial on a suit at law, and postpone judgment indefinitely. This shows the amount of power in his hands, and how he has a say in politics and court. At the end, McNeill states, â€Å"In his right hand he holds the government; in his left hand, the people† to show the sense of control he has in both areas and the degree of his influence on both, the people, and his government. American’s responses to the growing corporations were evident in document C. In this document David A. Wells claims that individualism or independence of the producer in manufacturing has been in great degree destroyed as well as the pride workmen took in their work. Also, he says modern manufacturing systems have been brought into a condition similar of that of a military organization. This shows the rigidness of the bosses and the demand for their work to be perfect. It is also mentioned in this document that as a rule, workers are only good for one thing, and then are useless once there is no more work of that kind. Lastly, the works are no longer independent. But depend and have to obey rules to keep progressing. In document E, by Andrew Carnegie, he states that to set an example of modest he has to provide to those who depend on him. Andrew Carnegie of the steel industry donated much of his wealth to building libraries, schools, and universities to support the less fortunate or poor. The growth of corporations evidently impacted the economy and politics, as well as the American responses to these changes, in 1870-1900.

British Literature Essay

This lesson is a continuation of the study of British literature and will focus on literature from the Neoclassical Period to today. This lesson is only an overview of some of the authors and literary works produced in England during a particular period. There are many other authors that made important contributions to the literature of this time period. The periods of British Literature are: Classical Period (1200 BC to 455 AD) Medieval Period (455 AD to 1485) Renaissance and the Commonwealth Period (1485 to 1660) Neoclassical Period (1660 to 1790) Romantic Period (1790 to 1830) Victorian Period (1832 to 1901) Edwardian Era (1901 to 1910) Modernism (1914 to 1945) Post-Modernism Period from 1945 to the present Neoclassical Period (1660-1790) The Enlightenment (also referred to as the Neoclassical Period or the Age of Reason) was based on the concept that people could find perfection and happiness through reason and knowledge. This essentially humanist vision was characterized by a resistance to religious authority. The Enlightenment began during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe and eventually spread to America. The Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Johnson were time periods that were included in the Enlightenment. Literature from the colonial period and the beginning of the revolutionary period in American literature developed during this time. Two prominent American authors of the era were Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine. During the Restoration, British monarch Charles II was restored to the throne (hence the name of the era), marking the decline of the Puritan influence on British literature. Writers of the Neoclassical Period John Dryden Dryden (1631-1700) was an English poet and dramatist. Some of his famous poems include â€Å"Astrea Redux,† â€Å"Absalom and Achitophel,† and â€Å"The Hind and the Panther. † He is also known for his play All for Love. Dryden was the British poet laureate from 1670 to 1689. John Locke Locke (1631-1704) was an English philosopher who wrote the essay â€Å"Concerning Human Understanding. † He believed that the only way a person could gain knowledge was through experience. Locke’s Two Treatises on Government promoted ideas about democracy. William Wycherley Wycherley (1640-1716) was an English dramatist whose works include Love in a Wood, The Country Wife, and The Plain Dealer. Samuel Pepys Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) was a government official and writer who lived in England. His famous Diary is an important source of the lifestyles and history of the English people. Aphra Behn Behn (1640-1689) was an English novelist and dramatist and the first female to make a living from her writing. Some of her works include Oroonoko, The Forced Marriage, The Rover, and The Lucky Chance. The Augustan Age (1700-1750), named for the Roman emperor Augustus, witnessed a return to the Latin literature of the ancient Roman Empire. British writers were influenced by the works of the ancient Roman poets Horace and Virgil during this era. Writers of the Augustan Age Joseph Addison Addison (1672-1719) was an English poet, essayist, dramatist, and member of Parliament. One of his well-known literary works was the poem â€Å"The Campaign. † Sir Richard Steele Steele (1672-1729) was an essayist and dramatist from Ireland. With Joseph Addison, he founded the journals The Tattler, The Spectator, and The Guardian. He was elected to Parliament and was later knighted. Two of his plays include The Funeral and The Conscious Lovers. Jonathan Swift Swift (1667-1745) was an Irish satirist who used Juvenalian satire to criticize the society of his day in Gulliver’s Travels. Some of his other works include A Tale of a Tub and A Modest Proposal. In 1694, he was ordained in the Church of England. Alexander Pope Pope (1688-1784) was a poet and writer of satire who was famous for his use of the heroic couplet in his writings. Some of his works include The Rape of the Lock, The Temple of Fame, An Essay on Man, and Moral Essays. Daniel Defoe Defoe (1660-1731) was a journalist who wrote Robinson Crusoe. Some of his other works include The True-Born Englishman, Moll Flanders, and A Journal of the Plague Year. he Age of Johnson, named for Samuel Johnson (an important figure in English literature in the late 1700s), lasted from 1750-1790. Writers of the Age of Johnson Samuel Johnson Johnson (1709-1784) was an English author famous for his Dictionary of the English Language, The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, and The Lives of the English Poets. He is also remembered for forming a group of writers called the Literary Club. Oliver Goldsmith Goldsmith (1728-1774) was an English dramatist, essayist, poet, and novelist and was a member of the Literary Club. Goldsmith wrote the novel The Vicar of Wakefield. Other works include the poem â€Å"The Deserted Village† and the play She Stoops to Conquer. Edmund Burke Burke (1729-1797) served as a member of Parliament during the American Revolution. He supported the rights of the colonists and urged the British government to compromise with the American colonies. Some of his writings were critical of the French Revolution. Robert Burns Burns (1759-1796) was a Scottish songwriter and poet. Two of Burns’ better known songs are â€Å"Auld Lang Syne† and â€Å"Comin’ Thro’ the Rye. † James Boswell Boswell (1740-1795) was a Scottish author who wrote the biography The Life of Samuel Johnson. He was a member of Samuel Johnson’s Literary Club, and the two men traveled together. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides is an account of one of their trips. Edward Gibbon Gibbon (1737-1794) was a leading historian whose most famous work was the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Thomas Gray Gray (1716-1771) was an English poet whose style was used by many of the Romantic writers. His most famous work was Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. Olaudah Equiano Equiano (c. 1750 – c. 1797) was an African slave who was brought to the West Indies. He received some education and was later granted his freedom by his master. He was the first black to write an autobiography in England. He wrote The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African in 1789. Romantic Period (1790-1830) Romanticism is the school of thought and period of literature in which emotion, passion, and imagination are considered more important than reason and intuition more important than logic. During the Romantic Period, most writers were discontented with commercial, inhuman, and standardized conditions. Many Romantic writers portrayed people in unrealistic situations. To escape from modern life, the Romantics turned their interest to remote and faraway places, the medieval past, folklore and legends, nature, and the common people. Romantics glorified the individual and believed that people must be free from confining rules and able to develop individually. The Romantic novels described exciting adventures, unexplained events, and the evil influences of obsessions. Writers of the Romantic Period William Blake Blake (1757-1827) was an English poet, artist, and prominent figure of Romanticism. Some of his works included Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Blake created the illustrations in some of his books such as The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. William Wordsworth Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a Romantic poet whose literary works focused on the beauty of nature. He teamed with Samuel Taylor Coleridge to write Lyrical Ballads, marking the beginning of the Romantic movement. Other works include The Solitary Reaper and the autobiographical poem â€Å"Prelude. † Samuel Coleridge Coleridge (1772-1834) was a poet and philosopher from England. He coauthored Lyrical Ballads with William Wordsworth. His most famous works include â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† and â€Å"Kubla Khan. † Percy Bysshe Shelly Shelly (1792-1822) was an English poet whose many poems contained political and religious themes. His works include â€Å"Ode to the West Wind,† â€Å"The Cloud,† and â€Å"The Skylark. † John Keats Keats (1795-1821) was a poet who focused on death, love, and beauty. His works include â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and â€Å"On a Grecian Urn. † Sir Walter Scott Scott (1771-1832) was a Scottish novelist and poet who became a lawyer in 1792. He was credited with creating the historical novel. Scott became one of the leading literary figures of his day. Scott’s works of poetry include â€Å"The Lay of the Last Minstrel,† â€Å"Marmion,† and â€Å"The Lady of the Lake. † His novels include Waverley, The Tale of Old Mortality, The Heart of Midlothian, Ivanhoe, The Talisman, St. Ronan’s Well, A Legend of Montrose, and Quentin Durward. Jane Austen Austen (1775-1814) was an English novelist who incorporated her observations of the manners and society of her time. Through dialogue and narration, she allowed her characters to be guided by common sense and traditional values. Her more famous works include Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. Gothic novel Gothic novels use horror and medieval elements such as castles and dungeons. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights are examples of Gothic novels. Writers of Gothic Novels Ann Radcliffe Radcliffe (1764-1823) wrote The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian. The setting of most of her work involved innocent young women, dark mysterious castles, and nobles with secret pasts. Horace Walpole Horace Walpole (1717-1797) wrote The Castle of Otranto, considered by some to be the first Gothic novel, as well as over 4,000 published letters. Writers in the Victorian Period (1832-1901) wrote about the living conditions of the lower class. The Victorian Period was also marked by sentimental novels. The modern drama appeared toward the end of the Victorian Age. Writers of the Victorian Period of Literature (1832-1901) Alfred Lord Tennyson Tennyson (1809-1892) served as the poet laureate of Great Britain from 1850 to 1892. Some of his works include â€Å"Ulysses† and â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade. † Robert Browning Browning (1812-1889) used dramatic monologue in his writings. Some of his works include â€Å"Pippa Passes,† â€Å"The Pied Piper of Hamelin,† â€Å"Bells and Pomegranates,† and â€Å"My Last Duchess. † Anne Bronte Anne Bronte (1820-1849) was the youngest of the three Bronte sisters. Her novels include Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Oscar Wilde Wilde (1854-1900) was an Irish author who published only one novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wilde wrote many comedies, including A Woman of No Importance and The Importance of Being Earnest. Thomas Carlyle Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish historian and essayist who criticized the laissez faire doctrine that allowed people to do as they pleased. His works include Frederick the Great. George Bernard Shaw Shaw (1856-1950) was an Irish dramatist and novelist and a member of the socialist Fabian Society. He wrote over 50 plays including Pygmalion and won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Edward Lear Lear (1812-1888) was an English artist and author famous for his limericks and children’s poems. Lear’s first publication was A Book of Nonsense, and his most famous children’s poem was â€Å"The Owl and the Pussycat. † Charlotte Bronte Charlotte Bronte (1816 – 1855) was an English author best known for her novel Jane Eyre. With her sisters Emily and Anne, she published poetry written depicting their childhood fantasy world. The poems were published under the male pseudonyms of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Emily Bronte Emily Bronte (1818 – 1848) was one of the English Bronte sisters famous for their literary style. Her only novel was the Gothic Wuthering Heights. Charles Dickens Dickens (1812 – 1859) gained fame as a writer of The Pickwick Papers. Many of his literary works were based on his life experiences and social conditions in England. His best known works include A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations. Pre-Raphaelite Poets The Pre-Raphaelite poets (named for the Italian painter Raphael) of the Victorian Age wanted to return the morality of the medieval era to the modern world. Dante Rossetti Rossetti (1828-1882) was considered a leading poet and painter in England during the 1800s. His poetry contained imagery and examples of symbolism, and his paintings included romantic scenes. His literary works included Sister Helen and The House of Life. William Morris Morris (1834-1896) was an English artist, poet, and social reformer whose work reflected an interest in medieval art and Gothic architecture. His works include The Life and Death of Jason, The Earthly Paradise, A Dream of John Ball, and News from Nowhere. Realism (1860 – 1914) Realist authors described life as it really existed. Writers examined and exposed the social, economic, and political problems of society using the dialect or language of the people. Realists saw the corruption of the Gilded Age and called for reform. They rejected Romanticism, which portrayed people in unrealistic situations. Mark Twain, Bret Harte, and Henry James were writers of Realism. Transcendentalism (1800s) Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement in the early to middle 1800s. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was the leader of the Transcendentalist movement in America. He believed that people could gain knowledge through the use of their intellect rather than from the experiences of their lives. The Transcendentalists rejected formal religious teachings. Naturalism Naturalists represented the extreme element of the Realism movement of literature. They believed that family history and environment were the main influences on the development of a person’s character and that people had no control over their fate. Political, economic, social, and heredity factors controlled the actions and fate of the people. Naturalist writers exposed the abuses and suffering of people in America. Upton Sinclair described in The Jungle, the plight of the workers in the meat packing plants in Chicago. Stephen Crane wrote about the sufferings of the soldiers during the Civil War in The Red Badge of Courage. Other Naturalist authors included Jack London, Theodore Dreiser, and Eugene O’Neill. Edwardian Period (1901-1910) This period of British Literature refers to the reign of Edward VII, the eldest son of Queen Victoria and her husband Albert. Edward was interested in the arts and founded the Royal College of Music. Writers of the Edwardian Period H. G. Wells Wells (1866-1946) was a novelist, historian, and well-known author of science fiction. His literary works include The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, and The Shape of Things to Come. His Wealth and Happiness of Mankind addressed the social needs of people in general. Arnold Bennet Bennet (1867-1931) was an English journalist, novelist, and playwright. The film The Madness of King George was an adaptation of one of his plays. One of his most famous works was A Private Function. Rupert Brook Brook (1887-1915) was an English poet whose writings described the lives of people who suffered through the horror of World War I. One of his most famous works is The Soldier. John Masefield Masefield (1878-1967) was a novelist and poet laureate from England. His works of poetry include â€Å"The Everlasting Mercy,† â€Å"Dauber,† and â€Å"Reynard the Fox† and the novels Sard Harker and The Bird of Dawning. Modernism (1914-1945) Modernism was a literary and cultural movement that did not support the social, political, or economic values of the 1800s. Part of the reason for the movement away from the 1800s was due to the tremendous destruction and loss of life that occurred during World War I. The Modernist movement included art, philosophy, architecture, and literature in both Europe and America. Writers of the Modernism Period William B. Yeats Yeats (1865-1939) was an Irish playwright, poet, and dramatist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. Some of his works include the poem â€Å"The Lake Isle of Innisfree† and the plays The Countess Cathleen and The Land of Heart’s Desire. Seamus Heaney Heaney (1939-) is an Irish poet whose work focuses on the politics and culture of Northern Ireland. Some of his works include The Spirit Level and Wintering Out and North. Dylan Thomas Thomas (1914-1953) was a Welsh poet who focused on the themes of religion, death, and love. His works include Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog and Adventures in the Skin Trade. Virginia Woolf Woolf (1882-1941) was an English novelist. Her literary works focused on social and economic independence for women. Her novels include Mrs. Dalloway, The Years, and Between the Acts. Wilfred Owen Owen (1893-1918) was an English writer who wrote about World War I. His poetry focuses on the theme that war is not a glorious venture. His works include â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth. † T. S. Eliot Eliot (1888–1965) was an American born English poet and playwright and one of the leading writers of the Modernist period of literature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. Some of his work includes The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, Four Quartets, Murder in the Cathedral, and The Cocktail Party. David Herbert Lawrence Lawrence (1885–1930) was a novelist whose literary works focused on how men and women relate to each other. His most famous work was Lady Chatterley’s Lover. His other works include The Rainbow and The Studies in Classic American Literature. Siegfried Sassoon Sassoon (1886–1967) was a British poet and author who wrote about the experiences of World War I. Sassoon’s literary works include The Old Century and Rhymed Ruminations. Aldous Huxley Huxley (1894–1963) was an English poet and novelist. His novel Brave New World criticized how science was destroying the morals of English society. His other works include Those Barren Leaves and Point Counter Point. Post-modernism Period (1945 to the present) Post-modernism includes some values and beliefs of the Modernism period. Its literature rejects traditional values of society and supports the anti-novel form. George Orwell Orwell’s (1903-1950) writings reflect his distrust of government and political and social ideologies. His works include Nineteen Eighty-Four and the modern fable Animal Farm. Joseph Conrad Conrad (1857-1924) was a prominent British novelist of the Post-modernist period. Some of his works include Lord Jim and Under Western Eyes. Conrad was a naturalized British citizen, having been born in the Ukraine. James Joyce Joyce (1882-1941) was an Irish writer who used the â€Å"stream of consciousness† technique. Some of his works include Ulysses and Finnegans Wake and the short story collection Dubliners. Katherine Mansfield Mansfield (1888-1923) was a writer from New Zealand whose pen name was Kathleen Beauchamp. Her works include The Garden Party, Bliss, and In a German Pension. Doris Lessing Lessing (1919- ) is an English novelist and author whose works focus on the role of women in politics and society. Some of her works include The Grass is Singing, Children of Violence, Under My Skin, and Walking in the Shade. Nadine Gordimer Gordimer (1923- ) is a South African novelist and short story writer. She won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991. Her literary works include None to Accompany Me and The House Gun. Robert Graves Graves (1895-1985) was an English poet and writer. His autobiography, Goodbye to All That, describes the horror of war. Graves’ other work include I Claudius and Claudius the God. Kingsley Amis Amis (1922–1995) was a novelist and poet from England. His literary works include Lucky Jim, The Old Devils, The Riverside Villas Murder, The Green Man, and The Folks That Live on the Hill. Anthony Powell Powell (1905–2000) was an English novelist and playwright. His plays include The Garden God and The Rest I’ll Whistle. Powell’s novels include Afternoon Men, Venusberg, From a View to a Death, and Agents and Patients. Powell’s autobiography, To Keep the Ball, was written in four volumes from 1976 to 1982. Muriel Spark Spark (1918- ) is a Scottish novelist whose literary works include The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, A Far Cry from Kensington, and Aiding and Abetting. A. S. Byatt Byatt (1936- ) is an English novelist. Her literary works include Possession, The Shadow of the Sun, and Babel Tower. Martin Amis Amis (1949- ) is an English journalist and novelist. Some of his works include The Rachel Papers, London Fields, Night Train, and Henry Water. The information in this lesson will be a valuable resource for you in the study of different periods of literature. Remember that this lesson is only an overview of some of the authors and literary works produced in Great Britain during this time period. There are many other authors that made important contributions to the literature of this time period that were not discussed in this lesson.

Classical Composer Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical Composer Assignment - Essay Example His music is also known for its humor aspect and its ability to entertain the audience. Haydn incorporated humor in his music through sudden loud chord similar to the ones he used in the London symphony. He also employed jokes and false ending to incorporate a humor aspect in his music. Haydn realized that the music performed during his era was not in accordance to the day’s fashion. He embarked on a mission to create fashion in music or to create fashionable music. He is considered as the founder of the stylistic era or period commonly referred to as Strum und Drang. Haydn did not receive much musical influence during his childhood although he ended up as a musician. Although he was introduced to the harp by his parent during his early childhood, his musical career owes much to other classical musicians. Haydn realized that the classical music scene required a change. This included the involvement of audience in performances. Classical music was more concerned with passing of the message or marking a ceremony or an event. This was the main problem that Haydn identified in classical music. Unlike other artists of his era, Haydn composed music and sought an upgrade for the existing music. This effort is well represented by his role in changing of style and the introduction of performance in classical

The Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Profiling - Essay Example PrÐ µjudicÐ µ is a prÐ µmaturÐ µ judgmÐ µnt, no mattÐ µr what thÐ µ contÐ µxt. Body Many think of stÐ µrÐ µotyping as a stratÐ µgy pÐ µoplÐ µ usÐ µ to gÐ µnÐ µralizÐ µ a group of pÐ µoplÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µy do not havÐ µ communication with or accuratÐ µ information about thÐ µ stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µd group, for whatÐ µvÐ µr rÐ µason. It is my opinion that profiling would not Ð µxist without stÐ µrÐ µotyping, and that by combating stÐ µrÐ µotyping as a sort of lÐ µast common factor for which morÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ mÐ µans of communication can bÐ µ Ð µstablishÐ µd, pÐ µoplÐ µ will also bÐ µ Ð µngagÐ µd in combating a grÐ µatÐ µr sÐ µnsÐ µ of prÐ µjudicÐ µ. WÐ µ cannot paint all pÐ µoplÐ µ with thÐ µ samÐ µ brush. â€Å"What about thosÐ µ non-Arab, non-South Asians without black or brown skins who arÐ µ bombing apartmÐ µnt buildings, train stations and thÐ µatÐ µrs in Russia. ThÐ µy'vÐ µ takÐ µn down passÐ µngÐ µr jÐ µts, hi jackÐ µd schools and usÐ µd fÐ µmalÐ µ suicidÐ µ bombÐ µrs to a farÐ µ-thÐ µÃ µ-wÐ µll, killing hundrÐ µds and wounding thousands† (King, 2011). In thÐ µ US and UK, pÐ µoplÐ µ havÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn this sort of bigotry Ð µvÐ µr sincÐ µ 9/11, bÐ µing displayÐ µd towards Arabs.

Choosing first topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choosing first topic - Essay Example 295). Forest lands, adjacent to small scale farming fields, fall victim to deforestation, during the course of expansion of agriculture. As such, deforestation has principally been the outcome of small scale agricultural activity that had been undertaken along the edges of the forest. Moreover, infrastructure development, such as the construction of roads, has resulted in the widespread felling of trees, in the areas abutting forest land . At present, a few of the smaller countries of Southeast Asia, like Malaysia, have been left with negligible forest area. This dismal state of affairs is on account of the unabated deforestation conducted in these countries (Carr, 2004, p. 296). In addition to the expansion of small scale agriculture, infrastructure development, like the construction of roads and other activities, leads to deforestation. The 1990s were witness to the unprecedented clearing of forests in Asia. This was occasioned by enhanced demand for timber and the continual migrat ion of rice farmers, into what had previously been remote regions. These regions became accessible, due to the increased felling of trees .Latin America, with its abundance of closed tropical forests, has been host to most of the research that has been conducted on tropical deforestation. ... Furthermore, deforestation is also the outcome of economic considerations, like low domestic costs, increase in the price of products and the influence on ecology by industrial and urban centers in remote locations. The latter has been seen to be the cause behind deforestation, in a third of the cases (Geist & Lambin, 2002, p. 146). Hence, Market forces have a tangible effect on furthering deforestation. Moreover, deforestation is the outcome of a necessity to generate foreign exchange earnings at the national level, and this has been seen to be prevalent in 25% of the cases. On the whole, there is scant variation in the elements that pertain to economic development in a burgeoning cash economy. As a consequence, these features promote deforestation, in a very powerful manner (Geist & Lambin, 2002, p. 146). As such, economic reasons also contribute to deforestation in tropical regions. Consequently, expansion of agriculture has been deemed to be the most important cause of deforestat ion, and this has been estimated at 96% of the instances. Some of the facets of such expansion are the conversion of forests, on a permanent basis, to land on which cattle graze, shifting cultivation is practiced and agriculture is colonized. In addition, the tropical rainforests of Asia are subjected to considerable commercial wood extraction (Geist & Lambin, 2002, p. 145). In Asia, commercial wood extraction has also been identified as a major element, in bringing about deforestation. The World Bank’s 1989 World Development Report disclosed that deforestation was rampant in fourteen developing countries of South America, Africa, and South-East Asia. This report also revealed that more than 250,000 hectares of tropical forests were being destroyed annually, in these

An overview of Mobile Commerce and Mobile Banking solution for the Essay

An overview of Mobile Commerce and Mobile Banking solution for the Unbanked in Sub Saharan Africa - Essay Example One of the cornerstone Internet technologies that have emerged in recent years is electronic commerce. Electronic commerce does not simply provide convenience to merchants and retailers, but has revolutionized many aspects of banking and even social life. One of the prominent sub-elements of electronic is mobile commerce. This is the combination of electronic commerce with mobile handset technology. This thesis specifically provides an overview of electronic commerce and the means by which it has been integrated with mobile technology. The thesis implements literature sources and industrial and practical articles from the telecommunications and mobile industries. The research is categorized in three main sections: the history of electronic commerce, GSM network elements, and finally the implementation of mobile commerce banking solutions in Sub Saharan Africa. In terms of the history of electronic commerce, background elements examine the way electronic commerce is implemented in con temporary contexts as compared to historical contexts. This section also examines the means of past and future growth of electronic commerce. ... The final section considers the implementation of mobile commerce banking solutions in sub Saharan Africa, with particular emphasis on Kenya. This section recognizes that there are a variety of mobile banking solutions that have gained widespread popularity in the region. This popularity is partially motived by the large-scale need for banking solutions for individuals with non-traditional incomes. The two major banking solutions considered in these regards are the M-PESA Banking solution and the Gemalto Mobile Banking solution. The technological aspects are examined, as well as the means of security they provide. Acknowledgements This thesis owes its existence to the help, support, and inspiration of many people. In the first place, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor Dr.Konstantinos Markantonakis for many hours of useful discussion, tirelessly reading and correcting my work, and suggesting many invaluable comments. Without his support, thi s thesis would not have been possible. I am also indebted to Dr. Chez Ciechanowicz for their care and guidance throughout my Master at Royal Holloway. In addition, I would like to thank the staff and colleagues in the Information Security Group for making my time at Royal Holloway an enjoyable one. Finally, and most importantly, I am most grateful to my family for their continuous and unconditional support throughout the period of my studies. Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgment 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................8 1.1.1 The growth of e-Commerce/ m-Commerce...........................................8 1.2 Motivation

Capital Gains Tax Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Gains Tax - Research Paper Example (Market Value $ 40,000 Less Asset Cost $ 50,000 = Capital loss $ 10,000). However being a depreciable asset this amount can not be set off against the capital gains from the other assets. Under the uniform capital allowances system that applies from 1 July 2001, any gain or loss from a depreciating asset is included in your assessable income, or deductible as a balancing adjustment, to the extent the asset was used for a taxable purpose (for example, to produce assessable income). The small business CGT concessions do not apply to gains you make on depreciating assets that are included in your income under the uniform capital allowances system. The Capital Gains resulting from Goodwill is subject to the Capital Gains Tax. In the instant case there is a capital gain of $ 15,000 (Market Value $ 90,000 Minus Cost $ 75,000) which will be included in the taxable capital gains. The capital gains resulting from land and buildings is also to be included in the capital gains tax calculations. The transaction would result in a capital gain of $ 50,000 (Market Value $ 200,000 minus cost $ 150,000) that will be attracting the capital gains tax. When the net assets value under the Maximum ... When the net assets value under the Maximum Net Asset Value Test the value of the net assets does not exceed $ 6 million. Net assets for this purpose does not include shares, units or other interests, non-business assets, personal assets including the home. The Net asset value is calculated as the market value of the assets minus liabilities relating to those assets. When the turnover of the business doesn't exceed $ 2 million When the CGT event giving rise to the capital gain happened after 11.45am on 21 September 1999, and When the assets involved are owned the asset involved for at least 12 months. Under the Active Asset Test if the business is still existing and the assets are owned for less than 15 years the asset must be an active asset just before the CGT event and for at least half of the period of ownership. For an asset to be termed as 'active asset' it must be and is used or held ready for use by a small business CGT affiliate, or an entity connected with the small business, in the course of carrying on a business, or an intangible asset inherently connected with a business being carried on by the entity (for example, goodwill) "The CGT discount isn't limited to capital gains from business assets. The discount allows individuals (including partners in partnerships) and trusts to reduce their capital gain by 50%"1 Small business CGT concessions "The following four CGT concessions are available only for small business. 1 The small business 15-year exemption provides a total exemption for a capital gain on a CGT asset if you have continuously owned the asset for at least 15 years and the relevant individual is 55 or over and retiring, or is permanently incapacitated. 2 The small business 50%

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Research - Essay Example The wholesale and retail trading is a flouring industry in Singapore. The first quarter of 2007 registered 5.6% rise in income over the corresponding quarter of the previous year. The other three quarters also recorded significantly higher rise in income relative to that of the previous year [Table A2.7] (Central Provident Fund Board, 2008). These details indicate that the retail sector is growing in the recent years to a great extent. It is clear that there are a number of opportunities for ABC to expand its activities in the retail sector. Hence it is essential that ABC should concentrate on more number of localities in order to gain the first mover advantage (Jobber, 2004). It also has the added advantage of providing expendable items such as food products, beverages and tobacco products, in addition to the household goods. It is noticeable from the data in the Private Consumption Expenditure [Table A1.6] that there is a 4.3% increase in demand for Foods & Non-Alcoholic Beverages, 1.6% more on Clothing & Footwear, 2.2% more on Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco, 3.4% more on Furnishing, Household equipment & Maintenance (Statistics Singapore, 2008). The data on private consumption indicates that the market is growing in Singapore and that the demand for goods is increasing as people are ready to spend more on their household expenditures. The important thing to notice is that all most of the products that have shown an increase in consumption are covered by ABC mini-mart. Hence it is evident that ABC mini-mart can gain more market share by expanding its operations to other feasible locations. The ABC mini-mart has to analyze the market segments it serves in order to arrive at a conclusion on their user behaviour and expectations (Evans and Moutinho, 1999). Another important thing to be considered is their spending power (Sloman and Sutcliffe, 2004). The younger age group of Singapore, i.e., age 15 and over, are the main target market segments for ABC

Introduction to britich politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to britich politics - Essay Example The beginning of conservatism dated back in the Great War in Britain. During this time, powerful debates about the soul and the thoughts of conservatism were widely spread. The participants were mainly the prominent historians who were the great thinkers in the society. The historians had many arguments in common about the nature of the human beings. However, their areas of specialization differed in terms of the interpretation of issues. They were always aligned to particular political classes. The prominent historians often had chances to address huge multitudes that eventually purchased their works thereby promoting their doctrines further. Many people also read their works in print media as well as in television and radio. They were a great inspiration to the people. The conservatism that exists in the current day in Britain can be traced back in the mid 1750s to early 1800. This came as a reaction to the swift changes and a series of prospects that faced the nation as well as other neighboring European nations. During this period, the Torry party was transformed in to the conservative party. This mainly came as a result of the electoral reforms in 1832 that was aimed at educating the conservatives on ways in which they could become productive and self reliant in the society. This came as a result of the common believe that personal initiatives are usually more effective in bringing the desired results than those that are done communally. Conservatism in the Britain is somehow interrelated with that of other Western Nations (Daunton 1995 pp.27-31). However, it is unique in a way that distinguishes it from the others. Conservatism in Britain established in under the patronage of renowned historians. The torry party was the first to establish the original characteristics of conservatism. It was later transformed in to the conservative party. The

Walter Benjamin’s account of social class and photography Essay Example for Free

Walter Benjamin’s account of social class and photography Essay Walter Bendix Schonflies Benjamin was born in July 15, 1892 in Berlin, German. He was many things rolled in one: sociologist, essayist, philosopher, translator, literary critic. Occasionally, he was associated with critical theory school of Frankfurt, as he wrote extensively on cultural and sociological thoughts and contributed greatly to the Western Marxism and aesthetic theory. He translated Marcel Proust and Charles Baudelaire, the coiner of ‘Modernism’. He himself came up with the term’ auratic perception’ in the aesthetic field in which civilization was to recover myth appreciation (Mali 1999, p. 170). Benjamin came from in a rich business family. His parents were Emil Benjamin, a banker and later a trader in antiques, and Pauline Schonflies, his sibling being Georg and Dora. He later married Dora S. Pollak who bore him a son called Stefan Rafael. He killed himself through an overdose of morphine in Portbou; a French-Spanish border town in 1940. He was escaping from Nazis, who had invaded France. The discussion below will concentrate on Benjamin account of social class and history of photography. Social class Being one of romantic/socialist Jewish-German writers, Walter Benjamin developed a radical anti-protestant and anti-capitalism argument, which was chiefly instigated through the works of Max Weber (Lowy, 2010). In his attempt to describe the system of capitalism, Walter Benjamin proclaims that capitalism was a form of an evil and cruel religion. To him there exists a connection between work ethic of Protestant: hard work, ploughing back of profit to business and frugal life, all of which are the characteristics of bourgeois, and capitalism. Winning more and more money, accumulating wealth and in the process of doing so, one should let go of all pleasures of life are the basic tenets of capitalism. To capitalists, a person is conditioned to continue acquiring wealth not for the sake of gratifying his needs and wants, rather as organized way of living. To Benjamin, bourgeois pay little attention or no attention at all, to the struggle of proletariats. Capitalism begs that the human happiness and life’s need are something meaningless and irrational which according to Benjamin; it is a complete reversal of the common order of life. Capitalism brought about the order of people living for their work instead of working for their life. He borrows the phrase ‘Capitalism as religion’ from Ernst Bloch and Max Weber’s work and Benjamin continue to show the religious aspects of capitalism, and it is not controlled by religion, but capitalism is in itself a religious phenomena, for it has taken the world like a bush fire, no one is save from it’s tentacles. His arguments goes on to highlight how at the Reformation time, Christianity opposed capitalism establishment, but how later Christianity let itself into capitalism (Weber 2002, p. 17). One of characteristic of capitalism as a religion is just like a cult; capitalism does not have a specific theology or dogma but utilitarianism-which wins the day. Such capitalism utilitarian practices: speculations, capital investment, manipulation of stock-exchange, financial operations, buying and selling goods and services; all these aspects take the shape of a religious cult. In capitalism, there is no requirement of a theology, a creed or a doctrine acceptance, rather action counts, which by extension, through social dynamics, take cult practices form. In capitalism, just like in religion, there exist adoration objects which come in form of money. People adore saints in ordinary religions, just as they adore money in capitalism. Benjamin does not stop at that, but goes all the way in comparing paper-notes with ‘Hell’s door architecture’ manifesting seriousness as capitalism’s Holy Spirit. According to him, the world’s religion state is despair, under capitalism. The other characteristic of capitalism, just like the permanence nature of a cult, capitalism is conducted year in year out. Capitalism permeates all the life conduct setting on vocation calling of systematic, restless and continuous work. Most if not all of Catholic holidays have been suppressed by Puritan capitalists who see them as some type of idleness. Capitalist religion permanently deploy ‘sacred pomp’ every day of Finance or Stock-Exchange, adorers following with extreme tension and anguish, the fall or rise of the value of shares. Capitalist practices know not of stoppage, it take over the control of a person, twenty fours hours a day, seven days a week and three hundred sixty five days a year.

Examining The 1974 Guildford Pub Bombings Criminology Essay

Examining The 1974 Guildford Pub Bombings Criminology Essay The Guildford pub bombings took place on 5th October 1974. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) has successfully detonated two bombs in two different public houses in Guildford. Those pubs were chosen due to its British Army personnel. Bombings killed four soldiers, one civilian and wounded 65 people. The Police faced massive pressure to identify and arrest PIRA bombers. Two months later, in December 1974, police arrested the Guildford Four: Gerry Conlon Paul Hill Patrick Armstrong Carole Richardson There were convicted for bombings and spend 15 years in the prison. The prosecution relied only on their confession as the main evidence. However, the Guildfords confessions were collected under pressure and by coercion. It included torture, threats against the family, 48 hours of detention, not recording the evidence supporting the witness statement and his alibi. The case was investigated again by the police and new evidence came into account. The one of detectives found a typed note from the one of interviews, which were edited, changed and deleted later on by the police during the first investigation. It can be concluded that the police manipulated with evidences to present the case as they wanted to. The Guildford Four were released in October 1989 and their conviction was quashed (Carrabine, Cox, Lee, South and Plummer 2008, Moisidis 2008, Reiner 2000, Rozenberg 1994, Savage and Milne 2007 and Whitton 1998). The role of criminal investigation procedures in miscarriages of justice and their impact Misconduct is a broad topic and can be described as a serious breach of duty and trust. It can include violence, fraud, theft, sexual harassment, gross incompetence, distorting and destroying evidence, serious negligence, drug use and dealing, perjury and discrimination (Punch 2009). In more specific sense, misconduct of police actions can be defined and associated with breaking the internal disciplinary regulations. Due to the occupational culture, there are many available opportunities for misconduct during the criminal investigation. Police officers have to deal on the daily basis with tasks that generate aggression and violence. If they make an error in their judgment, that may lead to overreaction. The different types of misconduct include: corruption, brutality and deviance (Mollen Commission 1994 and Punch 2009). Miscarriages of justice in most of the cases are linked and identified with wrongful convictions (Savage and Milne 2007). They occur when the innocent person has been convicted for the crime that he/she did not commit, the correct verdict has not been said, as there was a denial of the truth (Kyle 2004 and Nobles and Schiff 2000). The main types of miscarriages of justice include: Fabrication of evidence, Allegation of intimidation and violence during interrogation, Unreliable identification of an offender by the police or witnesses, Unreliable expert evidence, Unreliable confessions resulting from police pressure or the vulnerability of suspect, Non-disclosure of evidence by the police or prosecution, The conduct of the trial, Problems associated with appeals procedures (Savage and Milne 2007 and Rothlein 2008). From the other hand, miscarriages of justice ware in most cases associated with Irish terrorism in the 1970s (Mullin 1990). In that time, police officers would see it as a moral duty for miscarriage of justice to justify greater good for society (Punch 2009). That was also the timeline when cases of the Birmingham Six, the Gunros Three, the Guildford Four, the Bridgewater Four, the Maguire Seven, Judith Ward or John Joseph Boyle, came to light that pointed out miscarriages of justice to community and legal system (Reiner 2000). In the case of the Guildford Fours, the confession was taken under pressure and coercion, it was also the only one evidence that found them guilty. From the law enforcements points of view, the crucial concern and aim during the criminal investigation has been to obtain a confession from the main suspect. Traditionally, police officers tend to see the confession as the bedrock of the criminal investigation and warranty to the successful case in the court where the guilty conviction can be given (Maguire 2003 and Sanders and Young 2003). The importance of ethics and morals to criminal investigative processes Ethical policing is based on the universal expectations of approach and behaviour that administrate basics norms of human interactions with others. Ethical policing does not concentrate on morality of police officers and the institution of policing; it refers to morality that is reflected through variety of roles and different institutional purposes. Ethical policing is not directly concentrated on the morality of police officers in their private life, but it is concentrated on the way they act and react when providing police services on duty (Kleinig2009). Miscarriages of justice negatively affect the process of criminal investigation. However, the nature and role of ethics in the control of policing powers and policing process was one of the major developments in policing during the recent years (Wright 2007). The compromise between the high ethical standards and values of criminal investigation is typically labelled as the noble cause corruption statement which links closely with miscarriages of justice and the criminal investigation (Reiner 2000). Traditional corruption can be identifying as misuse of the professional position, usually abuse of the position of trust and power, which aims to achieve economic, sexual or otherwise personal gains. Noble cause corruption is more threatening type of corruption then traditional corruption, even though is less obvious. It can involve wide range of different types of police officers, both rotten apple and the golden apple. Noble cause corruption is seen as a mindset that allows to belief that the ends justify the means and for the greater good of the society. It is the ethical dilemma between the process of solving the case or the end results (Bayley 2010 and Crank and Caldero 2004). This can explain that closed mindsets and stereotypical point of view about suspects during the criminal investigation process and miscarriages of justice are closely linked (Savage and Milne 2007). In some extreme cases it is possible to see police officers who act and became as a full-time criminal due to their unethical and misconduct of actions (Leuci 2004). Corruption in policing happens when police officers care too much about their work and they become emotionally involved in process of taking bad guys of the streets. Their judgments becoming subjective based on their emotions. They believe that their inappropriate action will be justified with the positive and successful outcome (Crank and Caldero 2004). Miscarriages of justice are base on doubtful convictions, but the other area of miscarriage of justice in relation to criminal investigation closure plays important role problematic actions, that lead to the miscarriage of justice at the first place (Savage and Milne 2007). In case of the Guildford Four it was fabrication of evidence about suspects innocence and his alibi to arrest and charge others. They also experienced intimidation, torture, threats about their family and providing fabricated confession from the witness. Actions of the police officers aimed at putting in prison people responsible for the death of 5 and wounding of 65, but it should not be done through all available costs. It is necessary to mention, that no matter how appealing and tempting, it is always against the law to break the rules for greater good. The opposite way of thinking would be expose the abuse of the position of authority and power, it would also undermine the trust and also affect public freedom and liberty (Rothlein 2008 and Savage and Milne 2007). The importance of the professionalization of criminal investigations Police professionalization can be defined as the process by which policing actions became a profession. Police professionalization can be described by following characteristics: It is an organised body of knowledge that is frequently improved, Involved a prolonged training, Offers the best service to its clients, Functions originally and controls its members, Creates its community of followers through professional requirements, Inflicts a compulsory code of ethics and behaviours, Provides universal standards of practice, Provides full professionalism (Lanyon 2009). Policing professionalization will only be successful if its primary function will be knowledge, rather than functioning as political, organizational and economic agency. It means that the higher education and continuous development is another way of training the officers. However, counter-argument for police professionalization is that the background and the nature of policing require officers to deal with dirty jobs that involve a physical dimension. It would be more useful to have muscular and brave officers, rather than educated and brainy officers (Lanyon 2009 and Stelfox 2008). The organised body of knowledge must provide training and evidence-based research based on integrated proficiency supported by the practice amongst police officer (National Centre for Policing Excellence 2005). The role of police is complex and diverse, but never motionless and inactive. Also if police will not be able to deal with complex and intellectually challenging characteristics of policing, then they will have to face routine and ordinary side of the police occupation (Lanyon 2009, Stelfox 2007 and Stelfox 2008). The connection between miscarriages of justice and reforms of professionalization practices are direct. The main examples include: Protection for person under interview (Fisher 1977 and Zander 1995), Right to communicate with a solicitor (Fisher 1977), The recording of the interview with suspect (Sekar 1997), The fair treatment of young people and mental disordered people (Fisher 1977). The protection for people when interviewing will prevent police officers from using force and coercion, threats and/or torture to receive statement. This and the right to communicate with a solicitor were the main concerns of Philips Commission and are fully covered by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The recording of the interview with a suspect is also the central element of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. In 2005 the Association of Chief Police Officers launched Police Reform Act 2002, which included programme on the Professionalizing the Investigative Process (PIP). PIPs aim was to develop the investigative process through training, improvement and development of police officers who are engaged in the criminal investigation process (National Centre for Policing Excellence 2005). The role of the state with regards to criminal investigation The role of the state is extremely important when comes to the criminal investigation process. The Act of Parliament controls and regulates police powers in England and Wales to combat crime and provided codes of practice, was created in 1984, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. PACE is mainly concentrated on: The police powers to search an individual, premises or a vehicle without making an arrest first, Need to make a record of a stop or encounter, Powers to gain entry to those premises, The handling of objects seizes form those searches, The treatment of suspects in custody, Handling of detention, interviewing the suspect, recording the interview, identification of people in relation to investigative offences, keeping of accurate and reliable criminal records, powers of arrest, Terrorist situation, The specific legislation covering the conduct of criminal investigation is contains in the Criminal Procedures and Investigative Act 1996 (Home Office 2010, Kyle 2004, Sekar 1997 and Zander 1995). In conclusion, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 aims to create the balance between police powers in England and Wales and rights of the members of the public. The supervision, management and investigation of normal criminal investigation and that of a critical incident Critical incident can be described as any event in which usefulness and efficiency of the policing reaction is expected to have important and major result on the self-confidence of the victim, victims family and the community. The main focus on critical incidents was created by the Stephan Lawrence Inquiry. However critical incidents were part of policing and criminal investigation since its beginning. Also it is necessary to improve and maintain stability and trust in policing in those cases, as public distinguish police intentions through action, response and priorities (Alison and Crego 2008 and Grieve 2008). The main three characteristics of the critical incident are: Fast-time pressure to resolve the case, partial information about the incident, Quickly changing state of incident. Those problematic characteristics make critical incidents serious, tricky and difficult to manage. It involves an understanding of the problem and complication of the incident. The decisions are mostly taken under pressure in doubtful, undecided and unproven surrounding. Managing of critical incidents can be unhelpfully affected by: Failure of the communication with the victim, Collapse of communication with family and community, Lack of appropriate communication with other officers, Real or perceived policing, Mistakes with carrying out the investigation (Alison and Crego 2008 and Grieve 2008). To avoid failure during investigating a critical incident, it is necessary to follow earlier prepared plan: It may include creation of operational issues to set up minimum standards of control, Creation of groups based on management structures to deal with different problems at the same time and look at the previous findings from the different point of view, Offer an advice to the family or a victim by family liaison officers as the reinsurance about police actions, response and priorities, Look at the different events can be experienced by different communities, Keep records and justification of any decisions and changes made during the conflict incident, Debrief offices about current situation and progress of the incident (Alison and Crego 2008 and Grieve 2008). In the other words, the critical incident can have terrible, catastrophic and tragic consequences for police, victim or victims family and community if was handled badly (Newburn, Williamson and Wright 2007). Management and supervision during the normal, low-profile case differs from the critical incidents style. Criminal investigation management can be divided into different way of managing and supervision of the incident (Harfield, 2008). Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) is express through theory in The National Intelligence Model (NIM). This style of management is used to establish which crimes should be investigated and by whom or other more appropriate interventions. The ILP transmit NIM to investigate the main perception of informing holistic, by taking no notice of volume crime performance. The Statutory Framework of Investigative Powers includes pre-arrest and post-arrest investigation actions towards the normal incident. Both of those actions are protected by Human Rights from misuse of state powers and support of investigatory decisions. Managing Evidence involves citizens cooperation and use of coercive powers to collect relevant material. Management of Key Resources is closely linked with managing of evidence and securing the evidence. Key resources can be collected from staff (e.g. forensic scientist, pathologists or behavioural psychologist) and can include use of different skills (e.g. interview skills, detective skills or house-to-house inquire). Management and supervision of key resources will include taking a statement, reading a statement, searching the crime scene, interviewing the suspect and victim (Harfield, 2008). References: Alison, L. and Crego, J. (2008) Policing Critical Incidents: Leadership and Critical Incident Management, Willan Publishing Bayley, B. (2010) Noble cause corruption: Do the ends justify the means?, http://www.policeone.com/chiefs-sheriffs/articles/2003646-Noble-cause-corruption-Do-the-ends-justify-the-means (accessed on 08/11/2010) Caldero, M. A. and Crank, J. P (2004) Police Ethics: The Corruption of Noble Cause, Anderson Publication Carrabine, E, Cox, P, Lee, M, South, N. and Plummer, K. (2008) Criminology: A Sociological Introduction, Second Edition, Routledge Fisher, sir H. (1977) The Conflict Case: Report, London: HMSO Grieve, J. (2008) Critical Incidents in Newburn, T. And Neyround, P. (eds.) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing Harfield, C. (2008) Criminal Investigation in Newburn, T. and Neyround, P. (eds.) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing Home Office (2010) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and accompanying codes of practice, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/police/powers/pace-codes (accessed on 08/11/2010) Kleing, J. (2009) Ethical Policing in Wakefield, A, and Fleming, J. The Sage Dictionary of Policing, Sage Kyle, D. (2004) Correcting Miscarriages of Justice: The role of the Criminal Cases Review Commission, Drake Law Review, Volume 52 Lanyon, I. (2009) Professionalization in Wakefield, A, and Fleming, J. The Sage Dictionary of Policing, Sage Leuci, R. (2004) All the Centurions, New York: Harper Collins Maguire, M. (2003) Criminal Investigation and Crime Control in Newburn, T. (eds.) Handbook of Policing, Willan Publishing Moisidis, C. (2008) Criminal Discovery: From truth to proof and back again, Institute of Criminology Press Mollen Commission (1994) The City of New York of Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department, New York: City of New York Mullin, C. (1990) Error of Judgment: The truth about the Birmingham bombings, Dublin: Poolbeg National Centre for Policing Excellence (2005) Practice Advice on Core Investigative Doctrine, Wyboston: NCPE Newburn, T, Williamson, T. and Wright, A. (Eds.) (2007) The Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Nobles, R. and Schiff, D. (2000) Understanding Miscarriages of Justice: Law, the media and the inevitability of a crisis, Oxford: Oxford University Press OPSI (2006) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554ActiveTextDocId=1871558 (accessed on 08/11/2010) Punch, M. (2009) Misconduct in Wakefield, A, and Fleming, J. The Sage Dictionary of Policing, Sage Reiner, R. (2000) The Politics of the Police, 3rd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press Rothlein, S. (2008) Noble Cause Corruption, Public Agency Training Council Rozenberg, J. (1994) The Search for Justice, London: Sceptre Sanders, A. and Young, R. (2003) Police Powers in Newburn, T. (Eds.) The Handbook of Policing, Willan Publishing Savage, S. P. and Milne, B. (2007) Miscarriages of Justice in Newburn, T, Williamson, T. and Wright, A. (Eds.) (2007) The Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Sekar, S. (1997) Fitted In: The Cardiff Three and the Lynette White Inquiry, London: The Fitted in Project Stelfox, P. (2007) Professionalising investigative process, in Newburn, T. (eds.) Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Stelfox, P. (2008) Professionalization in Newburn, T. and Neyround, P. (eds.) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing Whitton, E. (1998) The Cartel: Lawyer and their nine magic tricks, Tower Books Wright, A. (2007) in Newburn, T, Williamson, T. And Wright, A. (Eds.) The Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Zander, M. (1995) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, 3rd edition, London: HMSO

Too Much Information? :: Information Management Learning Essays

Too Much Information? The "pervasive, invasive information infrastructure...is as much a part of our lives as religion was for medieval surfs" (Tetzeli 1994, p. 60). But is it too much? We've all seen the mind-numbing statistics about the exponential growth of information and of technological means of distributing and accessing it. However, some people question whether the problem really is one of overload. One source of the problem is actually the multiplicity of communication channels. Unlike earlier eras, such as when printing presses replaced manuscript copying, new technologies are not replacing older ones but are adding to the host of media choices (Davidson 1996). With these multiple channels the information flow is now simultaneous and multidirectional. However, most traditional information management practices are too linear and specific: they were pipes developed for a stream, not an ocean (Alesandrini 1992). The sheer quantity of information and the speed with which it can be acquired give an i llusion of accomplishment (Uline 1996). But what good is all this information if it is not usable? "Almost all our resources are dedicated to gathering the raw material--information--and almost nothing is spent on the most important job of transforming information into intelligence" (Milton 1989, p. 6). Milton suggests that it is possible to have "negative information"--that which causes the recipient to know less than before because it is not integrated, applied, and transformed into knowledge. Essential to information mastery is understanding the relationship between data, information, and knowledge (TAFE-TEQ 1992): data are raw facts and figures, information is data organized into a meaningful context, and knowledge is organized data (i.e., information) that has been understood and applied. Perhaps it is not too much "information," but an explosion of "noninformation" (Wurman 1989) lacking relevance, quality, and usefulness. What is needed is better judgment of the quality, accuracy, and reliability of what is received(Kinnaman 1994). According to John Seeley Brown, people may perceive overload because the information they receive does not fit into current mental models for understanding the world (Tetzeli 1994). The problem of information overload thus has both technological and human aspects. The solution is also two pronged: both technological--create better technological tools and make better use of them--and human--revise mental models and sharpen the capacity for critical reflection and analysis. I've Got to Keep Up! Many people believe they have to try to stay on top of information because of economic, social, and employment-related pressures.

Frankenstein Essay example -- essays research papers

What qualifies a creature to be a monster? When the movie Frankenstein came out, monsters were usually big and scary animals that terrified everyone that walked in their path. They were creatures that generally behaved monstrously, doing things that were against society norms and had no consideration for the safety of others. Perhaps looking beyond the physical appearance of a â€Å"monster† and just looking at their actions one might see Dr. Frankenstein as a monster himself. Frankenstein was a story about a man who created an individual which led his life to failure and death, because of his desire to play which nature, and attempting the role of God. The movie Frankenstein explores the consequences of what happens when man tries to play God and chases his ambition blindly. Victor Frankenstein became very involved in his work to create a being out of dead body parts. The doctor had the desire to achieve something that no scientist has ever done before: to give life to a being through science, not human nature. With this pursuit of knowledge, not only did Victor isolate himself from society but also from those who loved him, such as his fiancà ©e Elizabeth and his father. However, it is with this knowledge and ambition, that winds up destroying him and those closest to him. His project he felt would better human kind and possibly make a name for himself, which is ironic because he brought only evil to society and death to his name. Frankenstein is so caught up in his work and his yearning to be remembered for all time that he does not think about what will happen after life is breathed into this being. After his creation comes to life, he refuses to accept his obligation as the creator to his creation. He does not care for it, shelter it, provide it with food or love, nor teaches the creation. When realizing how to actually make his creation work he found out just how evil and strong his â€Å"monster† truly was. By bringing this creation to life; a destructive being that he had no control over, he doomed his own life and his intentions. Dr. Frankenstein was blinded by the fact that he was unable to foresee the effects that a creature could never be fully accepted into the human race. He was ultimately haunted by his own creation. Yet is it his monster’s fault that he doesn’t know right from wrong, or is it Dr. Frankenstein’s fault? Frankenstein is called the creato... ... just a phase, hoping he could get over his work and forget about his creation and all the havoc he had caused. But unfortunately he couldn’t, the monster haunted him and eventually ruined him. What was once a sought after dream, was now a nightmare. There would be only one solution;to kill the monster. But was the creation really the monster? To the society and Victor he was but to the viewer, he was only a helpless creator who lost his way. Victor Frankenstein shows that experimenting with the work of God or nature is immoral and will only end in corruption. No one can play God. The movie shows that a person who chases notoriety for his or her own personal intentions may find the consequences of their actions to be truly demoralizing, causing him to become the monster more than his creation. His faults in his creation lead to his demise. Work Cited 1. Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein. Penguin Group. London, England. 1992. 2. Frankenstein. Produced by Carl Laemmle Jr. Perf. Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, Boris Karloff, and John Boles. Universal Pictures. 1931. 3.Gods and Monsters. The Flick Filosopher. AF 100:#87 http://www.flickfilosopher.com/flickfilos/archive/004q/frankenstein.html

Free Candide Essays: The Human Corruption :: Candide essays

Human Corruption in Candide According to Voltaire, Man's goal is his own happiness.   This goal all too often is a mirage. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   Man is the prey of his own passion, victim of his own stupidity.   Man is the play thing of fate. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   The human condition is set with ills that no amount of rationality can cure. (Gay 27)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This human condition translates to human corruption. Voltaire hints of this corruption through Candide.   Candide impacted society as Voltaire knew it.   English Admirals that loose battles are no longer shot as object lessons in military perseverance. (Weitz 11)  Ã‚   However, there is very little lessening in our time, of the human scourges of war, famine, rape, avarice, persecution, bigotry, superstition, intolerance, and hypocrisy that make up this element of human corruption that is addressed in Candide.   Candide still serves as an effectual whip with which to lash once again the perpetuators of this suffering. (Weitz 12) The theme of human misery is Voltaire's primary achievement in integrating philosophy and literature in Candide. (Weitz 12)  Ã‚   "Do you think," asks Candide of Martin as they approached the coast of France,"that men have always massacred each other, as they do today that they have always been false, faithless, ungrateful, thieving, weak, inconstant, mean spirited, envious, greedy, drunken, miserly, ambitious, bloody, slanderous, debauched, fanatic, hypocritical, and stupid?".   Martin replies with further question." do you think that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could find them?" "of course I do" Candide answers.   Martin responds,"well, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you suppose men have changed theirs?". Although survey of the characters in the novel certainly supports much of this assessment by Martin, one need think only of the snobbish Baron, the knavish Dutch captain, Vanderbendur, the Brazilian Governor, the bestial Bat avian sailor, the hypocritical Jesuits, the avaricious Jews, and the thieving abbe' from Perigord. Free Candide Essays: The Human Corruption :: Candide essays Human Corruption in Candide According to Voltaire, Man's goal is his own happiness.   This goal all too often is a mirage. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   Man is the prey of his own passion, victim of his own stupidity.   Man is the play thing of fate. (Gay 26)  Ã‚   The human condition is set with ills that no amount of rationality can cure. (Gay 27)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This human condition translates to human corruption. Voltaire hints of this corruption through Candide.   Candide impacted society as Voltaire knew it.   English Admirals that loose battles are no longer shot as object lessons in military perseverance. (Weitz 11)  Ã‚   However, there is very little lessening in our time, of the human scourges of war, famine, rape, avarice, persecution, bigotry, superstition, intolerance, and hypocrisy that make up this element of human corruption that is addressed in Candide.   Candide still serves as an effectual whip with which to lash once again the perpetuators of this suffering. (Weitz 12) The theme of human misery is Voltaire's primary achievement in integrating philosophy and literature in Candide. (Weitz 12)  Ã‚   "Do you think," asks Candide of Martin as they approached the coast of France,"that men have always massacred each other, as they do today that they have always been false, faithless, ungrateful, thieving, weak, inconstant, mean spirited, envious, greedy, drunken, miserly, ambitious, bloody, slanderous, debauched, fanatic, hypocritical, and stupid?".   Martin replies with further question." do you think that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could find them?" "of course I do" Candide answers.   Martin responds,"well, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you suppose men have changed theirs?". Although survey of the characters in the novel certainly supports much of this assessment by Martin, one need think only of the snobbish Baron, the knavish Dutch captain, Vanderbendur, the Brazilian Governor, the bestial Bat avian sailor, the hypocritical Jesuits, the avaricious Jews, and the thieving abbe' from Perigord.

Moral compass Essay

In my past 18 years, I have been living in an environment that people telling me what should I do and what should I not to do. My mum taught me to be a good role model for my younger sister, my dad told me to study hard so I can have a good future. By going to school, teachers teach me that what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ from the textbook and I have also been learning that from the TV, newspaper and radio. The mass media is always a channel for me to receive what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ about the social. For example, there are critics about the politics, environmental issues etc.From time to time, my moral compass had been shaped by my parents and the social norms. Human beings always place their own interest on the top priority while thinking of what they should do. My moral compass go wrong without recognising that it had done so because I wanted to satisfy my own wish and do something that others taught me was ‘wrong’ before. I remember I was at the age of seven, I went to a stationary shop with my parents and I discovered a beautiful ruler. I begged my parents to buy it for me but they said it was too expensive and I had already got a lot of rulers at home so they refused to buy. At that moment, my moral compass told me not to steal the ruler because it is illegal to do so. However, I really liked the ruler so I put it inside my pocket secretly when no one is looking at me. It was the first and the last time I steal from a shop. After I went back home, I found out that the ruler was not as beautiful as the time I first glanced on it. I just steal it because of a moment f wanting to own it. I am still keeping the ruler until now in my drawer because I wanted to remind myself that I should not do something wrong because of greed. I want to be perfect at all times. I think I am a typical Virgo because Virgo is always seeking for the perfection. Therefore, I would like to try my best not to do anything disappoint the others which bring a big pressure to me. At home, I have a younger sister and my parents always tell me to be a role model for her to follow. When I was small, I was the only child in my home so I can do whatever I like as long as my parents allow me to do so. Now, I have to behave well in front of my sister. My moral compass tells me what to do as a good sister and this always stop me from what I really want to do in my heart. It upsets me because ‘role model’ has become a burden for  me to do something I really like. For example, I would like to learn street dance but my mother rejected it with not to affect adversely on my sister. She thought that I should put more effort on studying but not something which is not related to academic. In school, I am the pianist of the school choir and I am responsible for the playing the piano part in different occasion. When I was in form 1, I was told to be the pianist for the Speech Day and it really affected my life in secondary school a lot. Since all the pianists playing in Speech Day were in Form 5 before, I became the youngest pianist ever in my school. People questioned why I can stand on the stage because they think I am not qualified for that. I would like to do my best every time on stage so that people would agree with me and understand the effort that I have paid. As a result, I have tremendous pressure as my moral compass tells me to perform well before going out to perform as there are a lot of people looking at me and I would want to show them I am excellent player. Moral compass is easily affected by others. I am a person always get lost although I know clearly what should I do. I went to the Occupy Central movement last week for a consecutive five days. When I was small, my parents always tell me about the bad things of Chinese government, for instance, how they control the press and people’s freedom. My moral compass has been shaping since that time by absorbing the comments on the Chinese government and I think that being against the leftist is correct. So at that time, I thought I am a Hong Kong student who should be fighting for Hong Kong democracy so I should stand out. I know that the movement would affect the neighbourhood as this will disturb their life and bring them inconvenience, however, I still believe that civil disobedience is the only way to help with Hong Kong’s future. However, the comments and critics from radio and newspaper saying that the Occupying movement only bring harm to the society rather than benefit. I started to questioned myself â€Å"Am I really doing the right thing?† and this makes me hesitate to join the protest sometimes. On the other hand, my parents support me joining the protest as they think it is right to fight for justice. Therefore, I am always in a situation which is not sure about am I doing what I suppose to do because my moral compass changes once I receive different comment from the others. To sum up, moral compass is good because it comes out by listening to the others from time to time in order to give me a view of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. It guides me to what is correct and remind me what do do every time when I am facing dilemma. However, moral compass maybe a limit for me as I want to please the others so I give up doing something I actually want to do. I am still learning not to be affected by the others easily and believe in my own moral compass.

A Sound of Thunder Paragraph Essay

The consequences of time travel cannot be matched in terms of unpredictability because any tiny alterations to the distant past can change the outcome of the ensuing events of the future. In the futuristic tale, â€Å"A Sound of Thunder,† by Ray Bradbury, the standard way of life in the present time is subtly altered when an ambitious hunter named Eckels travels back in time to hunt a prehistoric animal. When Eckels is confronted by the frightening Tyrannosaurus rex, he panics and ignores the rules of the guide, falling off the established path. In the heat of the moment, he accidentally steps on a butterfly causing a chain reaction that creates various realignments of society in the contemporary era. Firstly, the essence of society is transformed from good to evil. Before departure, the man behind the desk was against the beliefs of Deutscher and was supportive of Keith. On his return, Eckels notices a slight difference in the demeanor of the man behind the desk; he is now firmly supportive of Deutscher and considers Keith a weakling. He laughs and says, â€Å"You joking? You know very well. Deutscher, of course! Who else? Not that fool weakling Keith. We got an iron man now, a man with guts!† This quote infers that society has drastically changed from the time Eckels departed for the safari to his return on the following day. Second of all, Lesperance does a reconnaissance to select certain targets for the hunters, his mandate being to identify animals that were going to die on the particular day of the hunt anyways. â€Å"I track them through their entire existence, noting which of them lives longest†¦ When I find one that’s going to die when a tree falls on him, or one that drowns in a tar pit, I note the exact hour, minute, and second. I shoot a paint bomb†¦ This way, we kill only animals with no future, that are never going to mate again.† This illustrates how conscientious the company is about the effects of time travel and altering the history of the world. Finally, on Eckels return, his senses detect subtle changes in the atmosphere and his surroundings. Most of all, his eyes see the change in the English language. The sign above the desk was in a phonetic form, and he immediately realizes the intellect of the human race had deteriorated. â€Å"But the immediate thing was the sign painted on the office wall, the same sign he had read earlier today on first entering. Somehow, the sign had changed.† This shows that the slightest, simple, accidental modification of history can have apocalyptic consequences for modern civilization. In conclusion, Eckels’ meandering in the forest 60 million years ago, creates a society with less righteousness, responsibility, and human intellect.

Mobile marketing trends

Mobile marketing trends in India Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. The marketing concept is a philosophy. It makes the customer, and the satisfaction of his or her needs, the focal point of all business activities. It is driven by senior managers, passionate about delighting their customers. Marketing Is a mall element for the successful sale of any product.Products like a soap or toothpaste or a car and lots more require a good marketing strategy. Mobile phone is most commonly found product and which does require marketing plans to Improve its sale. Mobile marketing requires high funds and therefore the funds are sanctioned. Samsung, MicroVAX, spice, and many other Internationally recognized brands spend a lot of money for mobile marketing. Under marketing plans mobile marketing has gained a huge exposure and is one the most popular marketing. What is mobile m arketing?Using different techniques of marketing like manners or advertisements or newspaper pictures or clippings or banners on buses or rickshaws to increase the sale of the mobile phone is mobile marketing. The purpose of this essay Is therefore to analyze the ways in which mobile marketing works and the factors that led to the huge success behind It. Whilst it is clear that there are many factors, which influence a particular decision, in a similar way many factors influence marketing of a mobile phone. Factor such as substitute or complementary goods for mobile phone will surely affect marketing strategy of a particular mobile phone.If tablets or Pads have better marketing plans then It will definitely create an Impact on the consumers. The sale of mobile phones will see a downfall. Another such factor would be the special Influences and then the main factor is the tastes and preferences. Producers have found out the taste of the consumers or the main objective behind buying su ch devices and create different marketing plans based on the consumers interest. They try to attack the weakness of the consumer and somehow convince them to buy the mobile.Mobile phones use the social networking APS and special plans created by the outwork carriers, which help the poor to buy a mobile phone too. Social networking APS are the main target. Social networking basically is – Interpersonal interaction is the gathering of people into particular gatherings, in the same way as little provincial groups or an area subdivision, in the event that you will. Albeit person-to-person communication is conceivable In individual, particularly in the work environment, colleges, and secondary schools, It Is most famous on the web.This Is on the grounds web is loaded with a large number of people who are looking to meet other individuals, to accumulate and impart direct data and encounters about cooking, playing golf, planting, creating companionship proficient collusions, discove ring occupation, business-to-business Advertising and even gatherings offering data about preparing treats to the Flourish Development. The points and premiums are as differed and rich as the story of our universe. Regarding online long-range interpersonal communication, sites are ordinarily utilized.These sites are known as social locales. The most used social networking sites are backbone, twitter, IBM. These social networking sites have their APS, which can be installed in the smart phones and phones. Mobile marketing trends have been dominating the early 2014 (business insider INDIA). The way social networking sites have created a huge impact on the mobile marketing trends are somewhat like, better gee targeting. Gee focusing on or area based portable Promoting is truly energize for advertisers and has picked up massive prevalence throughout the last few years.This is a vital pattern that truly brings quality to shoppers by giving them a chance to discover items and administrati ons in their area when they need. Gee focusing on is one of the heavenly vessels of specialty focusing for advertisers in light of the fact that it makes your brand pertinent to the buyers, helping it to addition footing. Inns, restaurants and stores are the leaders in terms of gaining by the area-based administrations. Time for nonirritating and micro content are also very different trends that commonly are known. Nonirritating alludes to focusing on a particular set of individuals from a given gathering.For instance, while arriving at crowds on a social outworking stage like Backbone one can thin down the intended interest group focused around their experience, demographic, areas, and so forth. Case in point, assume you are beginning up with operations Just in India couple of neighboring nations, then why squander your valuable Advertising bucks on arriving at everybody. Simply narrowest! Make a fight for the individuals in these geologies and receive the best in return. Nonirrita ting will be considerably more vital in the following few months to come as substance with setting is getting to be more critical by the day.Portable promoting makes it much simpler. 3 Concerning substance in the versatile advertising space, it has gotten shorter and will keep on getting shorter. That is the manner by which it better speaks to versatile viewers. A six second feature or a snatch photograph with a reasonable message is fit for doing a ton greater to your brand than one can envision. 3 Mobile instant messaging is the aspect that has been targeted and is still used by the producers to gain the attention of the consumers. There is a gigantic surge in the quantity of dynamic clients of versatile based social informing applications likeWeight, Watchstrap, Trek Errand person, and so on. This plainly shows that buyers are truly snared on by the testing versatile applications and there lies an extraordinary as far as making messages that achieve buyers and are pertinent to th em and not interrupting. 3 Personalization and customization and increasing interest in the wearable technology are another two most different trends, which contribute, in the marketing strategy. While versatile purchasing of items is not a huge pattern yet, there is a solid pattern of scrutinizing items for portable and afterward set disconnected from the et to purchase them.This is at the end of the day a gigantic open door. This is the place customized and modified offers can assume an incredible part. Advertisers can utilize customized offers to change over these searchers into real purchasers. For instance, if a purchaser is perusing and investigating travel ends of the line in Europe, he or she will perceive ads blazing with less expensive flight tickets AND Inns in those goals. 3 All things considered, simply a couple of years back wearable engineering may have quite recently seemed like an extravagant thing from a science fiction motion picture, et not any longer.With items like Google Glass and save. â€Å"y' watches, wearable innovation is changing a considerable measure as far as the way purchasers carry on. While the wearable engineering may not be a pattern yet, however it unquestionably is getting up to speed. When it turns into a piece of day-by-day lives of buyers, there will be entire better approach to charm them. 3 Another trend on which the focus can go would be emails. This trend isn't much popular but it still contributes. Messages may have begun decade's prior as PC- centered correspondence, however they aren't that any longer.

Cultural Diversity in Nursing Essay

Introduction Cultural diversity in nursing is concept that is derived from nursing and other cross-cultural health-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology and anthropology. Culture is simply used to refer to the belief systems held by groups of people in the society. Therefore, cultural diversity is defined as, â€Å"the differences between people based on a shared ideology and valued set of beliefs, norms, customs, and meanings evidenced in a way of life† (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). Culture influences individual’s behavior, perceptions and also interpretations. Therefore, integrating culture in healthcare is critical. This is in efforts to create a healthcare system that is sensitive to the needs of patients. For that reason, this essay focuses on cultural diversity in nursing by looking at the background of the issue, current trends, significance to nursing profession, controversies and strategies for dealing with cultural diversity. Background and Historical Development of Cultural Diversity in Nursing As defined earlier, cultural diversity refers to, â€Å"the differences between people based on a shared ideology and valued set of beliefs, norms, customs, and meanings evidenced in a way of life† (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). In the healthcare system, there are people from different cultural groups. For instance, we have people from different racial groups, ethnicity, tribe, religion and so forth. This includes both the providers and the patients. To a great extent, our culture defines our practice. The concept of cultural diversity in nursing was first established in 1955 by Madeleine Leininger, one of the pioneers of transcultural nursing. As an area of knowledge, cultural diversity in nursing, also known as transcultural nursing, was aimed at equipping nurses with knowledge that  will help them in delivering culturally appropriate nursing care (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). Madeleine Leininger believed in the diversity and universality of cultural care. For that reason, he established transcultural nursing from the year 1955 to 1975. Madeleine refined the concept of transcultural nursing through the â€Å"sunrise model†. The expansion of the concept continued even after 1975 to present. In 1966, the University of Colorado started transcultural nursing courses. The concept was later established internationally in 1983 (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). Current Trends in Cultural Diversity Currently, there are several issues trending in regard to cultural diversity. Among them is the slow and episodic movement towards cultural diversity in nursing. According to Lowe and Archibald (2009) in the article entitled, â€Å"cultural diversity: The intention of nursing,† the nursing profession was since the introduction of cultural diversity in 1986 focused on provision of cultural-sensitive care. The authors express their concern that despite the continued cultural growth witnessed in the country, the same does not reciprocate inn nursing. The progress in nursing towards creating cultural diversity in nursing has been slow and episodic. Hence, there is need to put efforts in order to expand cultural-sensitive practices in nursing. Another trending issue in respect to creation of a cultural diversified healthcare system is promotion of diversity. According to Pilkington, Singh, Prescod and Buettgen (2013) youth mentorship provides an important avenue for promoting cultural diversity. Through mentoring the youth, they will be equipped with relevant knowledge regarding diversity which will result in creation of a society which embraces diversity. Significance of Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity is a crucial concept in healthcare. Our current society is made of people from different ethnic, racial, religious and tribal groups. All these groups have their own culture. It is worth to mention that our culture affects how we interpret information, our perceptions and even  behavior. These aspects of culture make it important in nursing practice. The patient is always the center focus of care. Hence, the nurse is required to be sensitive to the needs of the patient. It is only through consideration of patient needs that the nurse is capable of establishing a strong therapeutic relationship with the patient. Establishing a strong relationship of trust with patients is important in involving the patients fully in their care (Pilkington, Singh, Prescod & Buettgen, 2013). Among the needs of patients are the spiritual needs. Nurses in some cases will handle patients from different faiths. Under such cases, the nurse might not be aware of some of the spiritual needs of these patients. For instance, let us take a Christian nurse and a Muslim patient. Muslims are supposed to pray five times in a day, and cleanse themselves with water every time they visit a washroom. The failure of the nurse to identify such things may hinder creation of trust between the nurse and the patient. In other words, the nurse will fail to deliver culturally-competent care (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). Therefore, providing culturally competent care is important in efforts to increase patient satisfaction, which translates to improved patient outcomes which signify improvement in quality of nursing care. Impact of Cultural Diversity in Nursing Profession The issue of cultural diversity greatly influences nursing profession and professional nursing practice. Nursing as a profession has for many years struggled to be seen as a field which is aimed at providing optimal care to the public. The profession is determined to be viewed in the light of universality, meaning it embraces people from all cultures. Therefore, by integrating cultural diversity, nursing profession will be recognized and respected in all parts of the world (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). In the nursing practice, cultural diversity is paramount. Every healthcare facility and provider is determined to provide patient-centered care. This is due to the fact that among the six goals of healthcare is provision of  patient-centered care. In order to provide patient-centered care, it is important to understand all the needs of the patient. This includes the culture. The nurse should understand what food the patient takes or does not take his or her beliefs and dressing style, among others. By doing so, the nurse will gain the trust from the patient which is important in the care. Eventually, the patient is satisfied with the quality of care which results in improved patient outcomes (Pilkington, Singh, Prescod & Buettgen, 2013). Controversies Related to Nursing Despite the benefits associated with integration of cultural diversity in healthcare, there are some areas of this concept that have brought about some controversies. Some cultural beliefs or practice are in contrary with the goals of healthcare. For instance, there are some people based on their faith who refuse to take any medication or seek conventional treatment. Hence, under such cases there is a controversy on which way to handle the situation (Pilkington, Singh, Prescod & Buettgen, 2013). The other area of controversy is extreme faiths held by some people. In some cultures, some behaviors such as undressing before someone of opposite sex are considered immoral. Hence, when a nurse from an opposite gender s handling such a patient, there is always some controversy. Enhancing Cultural Diversity in Nursing As noted, cultural diversity is critical in nursing practice. Therefore, there is need to embrace this concept. In order to improve the progress towards establishing cultural competence in nursing, it is important to introduce courses on cultural diversity in nurse training curriculum (Pilkington, Singh, Prescod & Buettgen, 2013). Another way of promoting cultural diversity in nursing is through training nurses on the importance having diversity at workplace. In addition, recruitment of nurses from different cultures will help in enhancing diversity in nursing. My Position Personally, I support the establishment of cultural diversity in nursing. My  position is based on the benefits associated with establishment of this concept. Hence, enhancing cultural diversity is crucial in improving the quality of care (Pilkington, Singh, Prescod & Buettgen, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, cultural diversity refers to â€Å"the differences between people based on a shared ideology and valued set of beliefs, norms, customs, and meanings evidenced in a way of life (Lowe & Archibald, 2009).† Cultural diversity in nursing is important in improving the quality of care. The concept of transcultural nursing was established in 1955 by Madeleine Leininger (Lowe & Archibald, 2009). American Nurses Association adopted the concept of cultural diversity in 1986. Currently, the progress of nursing profession towards establishment of culturally competent care is trending. Establishing a culturally competent nursing care is an important milestone in improving quality of care. References Lowe, J. & Archibald C. (2009).Cultural diversity: The intention of nursing. Nursing Forum Volume 44, No. 1. Pilkington, F., Singh, D., Prescod C. & Buettgen, A. (2013). Inclusive Mosaic: Promoting Diversity in Nursing through Youth Mentorship. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship Vol. 10(1): 1–10