Australias Trading Links Have Changed Adapted With Society Economics Essay

Australias Trading Links Have Changed Adapted With Society Economics Essay Australia is one of the worlds greatest trading nations; it has developed strong trade links with the major traders of the world, including USA, Japan and China. Trade links are used to develop and maintain a countrys economy and to provide supplies for the population that might not be available domestically. International trade and globalisation has enabled Australia to establish relationships overseas through the exports and imports of goods and services. Over time, these links have changed and adapted to suit modern Australian society. Over the past few decades, Australias major items of trade have altered. Australias trade involves the exporting and importing of goods as well as services. Traditionally, Australias exports were mainly comprised of primary products, such as agricultural goods and minerals. Although these commodities still play a large role in Australian exports, export patterns have altered. Today, services and manufactured goods also account for a significant proportion of Australias exports. Exports of manufactured goods have developed slower in Australia, but now account for around a quarter of exports. Recently, Australias exports have included a large services component, which includes tourism and education. During the past twenty to thirty years, Australias trade links have also changed dramatically. Historically, Australias main trade links were tied with the United Kingdom and had a heavy reliance on European Markets. This shifted during post World War II, when the UK decided to increase its trading links with other European countries, forcing Australia to seek new trade relationships. Australian exporters then turned to Northeast and Southeast Asia as potential trading partners. Since then, Asia has become Australias major trading partner. Australia is a large advocate of Trade Agreements; Australia tries to maintain and develop strong bilateral relationships with other countries to boost its trade and economy. Multilateral organisations and institutions, such as World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation group (APEC), also play an important role. Since the turn of the 21st century, Australia has mainly focused on trade links between the members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation group (APEC). Around 70% of Australias exports and imports are from or to other APEC members, which includes Japan, USA, China, Taiwan and South Korea. Globalisation has opened the path for trade relationships. It has provided opportunities for the development of internationally competitive economies. However, combined with trade liberalisation, it has, in turn, increased competition and reduced the protection between international and domestic affairs. Australia is one of the leading free trade economies in the world and has the lowest levels of industry protection, such as tariffs, quotas and embargoes. These trade barriers are used to protect domestic producers from international competition and redirect trade flows, but restrict the levels of productivity. Free trade allows nations to specialise in the production of particular commodities that it has a comparative advantage in; Australia specialises in minerals, services and elaborately transformed manufactures (ETMs). This enables countries to take advantage of the efficiencies that generate from economies and increase their levels of output, resulting in lower average costs and increased productivity. Over the past few years, Australias ratio of exports and imports to GDP have risen around 5%, as a result of trade liberalisation. This expansion of exports has strengthened Australias industrial base. With free trade, a greater variety of goods are available for consumers. Increased competition ensures that products and goods and services are supplied at the lowest prices. If the 1998 tariff levels still applied in Australia, imported motor vehicles would cost 25% more, while footwear and clothing would cost an extra 14%. Reducing tariffs has resulted in savings of up to $1000 per year for an average Australian family. Trade liberalisation will increase employment in the exporting industries, while workers in import industries will be displaced, as the industries collapse in the competitive environment. Due to free trade, numerous jobs, especially in manufacturing and service industries, have been created in Australia. Economic growth is also affected by free trade. Countries that are involved with free trade, are experiencing rising living standards, increased incomes and higher economic growth. Over 400 000 jobs were created between 1983-84 and 1993-94. According to studies, the removal of all tariffs would create an extra 40 000 jobs within the next few years. However, with the removal of trade barriers, there is an economic instability from trade cycles as countries tend to rely on global markets. The Asian economic crisis in 1998, which was the currency devaluation from one country eventually spread to others, is an example of this issue. Trade liberalisation can also create too much competition between industries, which may find it difficult to compete for long periods or to develop new industries. Free trade also leads to pollution and environmental issues as manufacturers are unable to include these costs into the total price of goods. Recently, a number of nations have been negotiating for free trade agreements. Singapore was pursuing bilateral agreements with Australia, Japan, Mexico and USA and was able to establish an agreement with New Zealand. The United States concluded an agreement with Jordan in 2000 and was negotiating agreements with a number of other countries. In the future, if all trade barriers were to be demolished, trading internationally would be more simple and productive. Developing countries would gain a more stable economic status, while developed countries would increase production levels and build and develop a stronger economy.

Physical Appearance and Status

â€Å"Physical Appearance and Status â€Å" Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but what the beholder sees and how it is interpreted are shaped by culture’s values. Appearance/ Beauty are social constructions. Appearance derives from status symbols. George Herbert Mead express through theory of significant symbols and language. His theory says symbols are those that arouse in the person expressing them the same kind of response that they are designed to elicit from to whom they are addressed. Society has excessive pride in their interactions with others.Society also has other traits which reflect their culture appearance, narcissism, and social status. Society has views which are built on appearances. This is because of the media’s influence on what Americans view as â€Å"socially acceptable†. Hollywood sets a standard by using celebrities to show off high fashion that trigger the minds of Americans on what they should wear and look like to be accepted. Men are usually viewed as wearing â€Å"masculine† clothing which emphasize the size of upper body musculature, allow freedom of movement, and encourage an illusion of physical power and a look of easy physicality all suggest masculinity.Such appearance of strength and readiness to action serve to create or enhance an aura of aggressiveness and intimidation central to an appearance of masculinity. On the other hand, women have more of a variety of clothing styles all of which reflect back to femininity. Feminine styles of dress display subordinate status through greater restriction of the free movement of the body, greater exposure of the bare skin and an emphasis on sexual characteristics. Along with clothes how a person presents his or herself through body language is also important to achieving a certain appearance.Americans set specific standards that others achieve through clothes and body language (among other things). Even though society may view them as coming from a very patriotic background they are also viewed for being self-centered. Even other countries have picked up on the fact Americans take pride in being narcissistic. In America people also view themselves based on social class. In America there are three social classes: the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. The upper class is said to have all the wealth and the power. Hollywood has a way of, â€Å"Glamorizing the lives of the wealthy†.The middle class has been viewed in the media as, Not only as unlettered and uncouth but also as less desirable and less moral than other people. This can be seen throughout a variety of Hollywood films and television shows. The upper class (or the rich) are viewed in America has having all of the wealth and the power, while the middle and lower classes are left in the shadow. America’s culture is reflected through what is displayed in the media. Therefore a conclusion can be drawn that Americans base their stereotypes of soci al status off of what is viewed in the media.America uses values inherited from the industrial revolution to view itself as individual, class, or society. The Industrial Revolution created new values in Western society, values that are central to our thinking today. Three things from the Industrial Revolution that directly affected people's values were the creation of the middle class, the urbanization of cities, and the growth of rights for women. The Industrial Revolution was the first time when the middle class appeared. The Industrial Revolution was what made the middle class a recognizable group. The people in the middle class had their goals and shaped their values around them.The major goal of the middle class was to be like the higher or â€Å"old money† class. The shaped their values so that they could achieve this desired position. They strictly enforced manners and rigidity, making sure that all members always acted in the utmost respectful way. Also they tried to make their lives as controllable as possible and because children were the most unpredictable thing they believed strongly in the principle that children should be seen and not heard. The urbanization of cities also had an effect on the values of people. During the Industrial Revolution cities became more and more urban.This shifted people's focus away from country life and more towards city life. People's values were originally based on home life in the country, but as life shifted to the cities values also shifted. Family became less important. People focused more on getting the money because it was there. They also needed to get money to buy things this is how consumerism came about. Consumerism became the most important value to people. Woman also made their position known in society. Women struggled for their rights. They had certain values that they wanted society to accept. The worked hard for suffrage and equality in the work place.These were the values that were forced upon society just by the sheer volume of women supporting them. If not for the Industrial Revolution women would not have known what they were missing and thus would still be living sheltered lives. The industrial Revolution created new values for people that still influence life today. Values created by the Industrial Revolution such as women's suffrage, consumerism, and life styles of the middle class are all things still valued today. The values that are held today will stay with the people because they have been accepted and practiced.Values are not changed that much and as long as people keep living their lives they will be basing them on the same values as long as they are convenient. Works Cited â€Å"81. 02. 06: The Industrial Revolution. † 81. 02. 06: The Industrial Revolution. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Beauty and the Beast: Study on the Relationship between Clothing and Social Status. † Beauty and the Beast: Study on the Relationship between Clothing and Social Status. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. Hurst, Charles E. Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences. Boston: Pearson, 2013.Print. Kendall, Diana Elizabeth. Social Problems in a Diverse Society. Boston: Pearson, 2013. Print. Ritzer, George. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics. San Francisco, CA: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Kendall, Pg 80. , (2013) [ 2 ]. Ritzer, Pg 59, (2010) [ 3 ]. Social Status. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013 [ 4 ]. Social Status. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013 [ 5 ]. Hurst, Pg 16. (2013) [ 6 ]. 81. 02. 06: The Industrial Revolution [ 7 ]. 81. 02. 06: The Industrial Revolution

International Business Case Study Essay

The first question: how has the globalization of market benefited IKEA? The globalization of market refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Falling barriers to cross-border trade have more easier to sell internationally, so it is easier for IKEA to grow into a global cult brand with 230 stores in 33countries and have 5 suppliers of the frames in Europe, plus 3 in the United States and two in China. Because a fewer barriers to cross-border trade. IKEA can easily to open a store in other countries. the second question: how has the globalization of production benefited IKEA? The globalization of production refers to sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of productions, IKEA did a good job, in order to reduce the cost of cotton slipcovers, IKEA has concentrated production in four core suppliers in China. The resulting efficiencies from these global sourcing decisions enabled IKEA to reduce the price of the Klippen by some 40 present between 1995 and2005, because in China we have cheaper labour and lower price of source, it will reduce the cost of production in IKEA, thereby allow IKEA to compete more effectively. What does the IKEA story teach you about the limits of treating the entire world as single integrated global marketplace? In my opinion, every country is unique and has different cultures. If the strategies to provide low price of product offer a company must identify what and which factor that can bring the lowest cost in term of labour, transportation, materials and so on. IKEA first discovered in the early1990s. The company found that its European-style offerings. However, it didn’t always resonatewith American consumers. Because of this reason, IKEA has redesigned its US offerings appeal to American consumers, which has resulted in stronger sales. It is obvious that tastes and preference play an important role in the globalization market. Also, since not everyone had a car, IKEA ensured that their stores were located near public transport.

A Public Housing Building Program - 1101 Words

Matthew Desmond believes that the alternative, a public housing building program, would not work but by bringing in better rent regulation and controlling the greed of landlords might be solve the poverty in low income neighborhood. Also by improving wages and providing decent benefits while reducing the huge tax subsidies handed out annually to the rich. Desmond states two kind of freedoms â€Å"the freedom to profit from rents and the freedom to live in a safe and affordable home (2016: 308). Conclusion African-Americans in everywhere were segregated, and so unfair, that it seemed to create a separate and unequal experience. Black such as disadvantages group segregated in terms of employment, schooling, display to higher rate of crime,†¦show more content†¦Glaeser and Vigdor in their study the focused on two social-scientific measures, the dissimilarity index and the isolation index. They found that â€Å"the raw number of predominantly black neighborhoods, with at least 80 percent black residents, declined by only 7 percent between 2000 and 2010.† He findings that housing discrimination dramatically decreased between 1989 and 2000. He found that the changes represented declines of between 60 and 84 percent from the 1989 level, and very few significant racial or ethnic differences remain in this area. A triple terms; â€Å"decent; street; or ghetto are degrees of alienation which are captured by them. The concept of decent and street are used by individuals and families of the neighborhood as a part of decent family and decent street. In high level of poor neighborhood to low level of poor neighborhood. Segregation. First, studies of African Americans in terms of the relationship between race, class, and segregation in metropolitan areas then comparing the segregation of African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans from whites, for all America. Second, they provide an assessment of race and class for different groups in a multivariate framework. Finally, they use data from the most recent decennial censuses. 1111 Ghetto neighborhoodsShow MoreRelatedState and Local Government Funding1642 Words   |  7 Pagesinstrumental in starting programs for the housing of the poor. During the 1930s and till 1964 it was subsidized housing and the key players were the municipal authorities who wanted to bring in business and change the downtown areas. During the 1930s, attempts were made to create huge public housing program with the key factor being improved architectural design. Unfortunately it made the distinctive look make the occupants ashamed because the identity of these buildings showed that the inhabitantsRead MoreI Am A Retired Army Veteran Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesfront of building that looked like apartments. I thought to myself â€Å"why are they all outside? 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Elysian Park Heights, the project was intended to be the groundwork for citywide slum revitalization development. Regardless of how self-sufficient the residents of Chavez Ravine one of the more prominent Mexican American thriving communities served as a home to three Mexican Communities La Loma, Palo Verde and Bishop. Job and housing discrimination wasRead MorePlanning And Buildin g Housing For The Zoo787 Words   |  4 Pagesinto planning and building housing for the monkeys and animals in the zoo (quoted in Randall, 1950, p. 33). Few would go so far in their appreciations today. On all levels of government and within the ranks of nonprofit foundations and the building industry, a harsh reaction to the occurrence of an aging population is developing, especially in the area of housing. In the past five years, a large amount of federal programs has been approved to inspire the building of more housing divisions for olderRead MoreHabitat for Humanity1727 Words   |  7 PagesHumanity Habitat for Humanity International is a nonprofit, world-wide Christian housing ministry. Habitat for Humanity International seeks to eliminate poverty housing and homelessness from the world, and to make decent shelter a matter of conscience and action. â€Å"Habitat for Humanity works in partnership with God and people everywhere, from all walks of life, to develop communities with people in need by building and renovating houses so that there are decent houses in decent communities in whichRead MoreHomelessness Intervention Paper : Homelessness1134 Words   |  5 Pagesunderprivileged and those living under the poverty threshold are â€Å"frequently unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, health care, and education† (nationalcoalitionforthehomeless.org). 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My Lifes Up And Downs And The Decisions - 1524 Words

As I look back at my life’s up and downs and the decisions I’ve made along the way, thing could have gone for better or worse, hence the motto in the title. I can recall making small decisions on what I should spend my time on, either play with my childhood friend’s after-school or review the homework that I finished in class? Playtime almost won every time. Even though I knew that reviewing some of my homework could only help me, even with the good grades I was already making, the decision was made that I wanted to play more than study. At an early age I began to finish my homework beforehand so I could spend more time out playing with my friends and eventually I formed a comfort zone that showed consistency and balance between my grades and studying habits; I studied zilch yet received high grades that included many A’s on tests. As time went on the same process continued and I was still able to remain on track and keep my high grades throughout middle a nd high school. The following years really struck me as a surprise when I entered my first college year and first set of assignments. Considering my standard â€Å"work-load† of finishing my homework at school was completely halted due to the mere fact that class lasted a lot longer but with no time to finish the homework assignment before leaving class yet even take a look at it. Everything was starting to get restructured and my ‘norm was thrown out the window after a rough first semester. Throughout my life there’s beenShow MoreRelatedReflective Essay On Class Reflection926 Words   |  4 Pages† in which we had to analyze on how our responses to life’s challenges affects one’s character. I thought that we would be able to come up with our own theme then connect it to the prompt, but since the theme was assigned to us, I panicked the day of writing the TBEAR since I already had a planned TBEAR in mind. When it was time to write the TBEAR, I eventually stopped panicking then got on with the writing. 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El Salvador A Country On The Pacific Coast Of Central...

El Salvador is a country on the Pacific coast of Central America, and borders Guatemala to the west and Honduras to the north and east (Geography). It is known for being the smallest Central American country and has an area equal to that of Massachusetts, it is also the only one with an Atlantic coastline (Geography). The majority of El Salvador s land is made up of a chain of volcanoes that expands throughout the Northern side of the country. The current government of El Salvador is a Republican one. El Salvador was discovered and conquered in 1525 by Pedro de Alvarado a lieutenant of Cortes s. El Salvador declared its independence from Spain on Sept 15, 1821 and was part of a union of other Central American countries from which they all declared independence from Spain. Afterwards El Salvador has experienced several wars and revolutions, which included a 12-year civil war. During this war in the 1970s there were two key groups who controlled the majority of the country since 1961. These groups were the right-wing National Conciliation Party (PCN), and the leftist antigovernment guerilla units, whose leading group was the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) who were in control of opposite sides of the country (History). After several years of skirmishing, on January 16, 1992, the government signed a peace treaty with the guerilla forces, which ended the civil war that had killed 75,000 people. During the late 1900s and early 2000s the country was struck byShow MoreRelatedEl Salvador : A Country On The Pacific Coast Of Central America1333 Words   |  6 PagesEl Salvador is a country on the Pacific coast of Central America, and borders Guatemala to the west and Honduras to the north and east (Geography). It is known for being the smallest Central American country and has an area equal to that of Massachusetts, it is also the only one with an Atlantic coastline (Geography). The majority of El Salvador s land is made up of a chain of volcanoes that expands throughout the Northern side of the country. The current government of El Salvador is a RepublicanRead MoreGrowing the Small Country of El Salvador718 Words   |  3 PagesEl Salvador is the smallest country in Central America; most of the country is on a fertile volcanic plateau about 2,000 ft high. The people of El Salvador use the land for raising crops, building cities, and are very skillful weavers. El Salvador remained a Spanish colony for around 300 years. It was taken over by Europeans in the 1500’s. Before the Spanish conquest, which was an invasion from the Spaniards to the native people; one of the earliest groups of settlers was a group of indigenous peopleRead MoreEl Salvadors Impact On The United States1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe area that is currently El Salvador was originally comprised of 3 vast indigenous states and various territories. The Pipils, indigenous occupants who settled in present day Mexico, are a nomadic people that originated from Nahua. The Lencas settled and represented the eastern district while the Mayan the Chortis occupied the North zone of the Lempa Hi River. In 1524, Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado neglected to seize area in light of the Pipil warriors. Be that as it may, in 1525 heRead MoreEl Salvador s Impact On The United States1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe area that is currently El Salvador was originally comprised of 3 vast indigenous states and various territories. The Pipils, indigenous occupants who settled in present day Mexico, are a nomadic people that originated from Nahua. The Lencas settled and represented the eastern district while the Mayan the Chortis occupied the North zone of the Lempa Hi River. In 1524, Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado neglected to seize area in light of the Pipil warriors. Be that as it may, in 1525 heRead MoreGeography : El Salvador s Geography1330 Words   |  6 PagesGeography: El Salvador s geography is very diverse, most of the land is plains and flat land but it is bordered by a chain of mountains. El Salvador is known as the Land of Volcanoes, it has frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. It is the only country in Central America that does not have a coastline on the Caribbean Sea, (National Geographic). There are about 20 active volcanoes surrounding El Salvador, it is located on The Ring of Fire. There are two mountain ranges that circle around El SalvadorRead MoreHonduras, The Land Of No Peace1081 Words   |  5 Pageslocated in Central America. North and northwest of the Caribbean Sea, Honduras is south of Nicaragua and west of Guatemala also being southwest of El Salvador below the Pacific Ocean. The topography of the land is mainly mountainous with some non-tropical areas on the upper climate and tropical areas on the climate on the lower parts. Honduras also has a little bit of flat land. Honduras is shaped similarly to the United States bu t flipped, being surrounded by a sea and three countries with an openingRead MoreAncient And Culture : Guatemala, Mayan Time Period1491 Words   |  6 PagesTikal Temple Country/Culture: Guatemala, Mayan Time Period: Early Classic to Late Classic - 300-850 CE. Temple Type: Mayan Civilization Description: Tikal is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala. Cultural Context: The name Guatemala, signifying place that is known for timberlands, was gotten from one of the Mayan vernaculars talked by the indigenous individuals at the season of the Spanish triumph in 1523. It is utilized today by pariahs, and additionally by most subjectsRead MoreThe And Human Rights1986 Words   |  8 Pagesworld. El Salvador, located in Central America off the coast of the Pacific Ocean (See Appendix A), has one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the world, which violates women’s rights. The Catholic Church has extreme power in the country; in fact, the country was named in honor of Jesus Christ, their savior. Over time, the Salvadoran government and the Catholic Church have put more restrictions on the once liberal abortion laws. In 1956, abortion was completely legal in El Salvador. UnderRead MoreThe Civil War On El Salvador1766 Words   |  8 PagesEl Salvador now known as the Republic of El Salvador is a small and densely populated country located in Pa cific Coast of Central America. The major issue in was the coffee which was a very profitable business in El Salvador providing 95% of the country’s income. Sadly a very small percentage of population was making use out of it (around 2%).This led to the conflict between the classes. Social American Centralist party led the poor people against the government regarding this injustice. The civilRead MoreGEA2000 REVIEW Essay example2065 Words   |  9 Pagesheavier plate is known as: Subduction 3. The current interglacial period is known as the: Holocene 4. Which water body is surrounded by a geologically-active Ring of Fire: The Pacific Ocean 5. Which of the following locations is not one of the worlds great population clusters? Easter North America (1/4 size the smallest of the Eurasian concentration) Major population Clusters: East Asia, South asia, Europe (more than 3.7M =54% 6. Which of the following statements concerning the

Integrated Flight Systems

Questions: 1.Explain the principal features of the atmosphere that are relevant to air date systems. 2. Explain the construction and applications of air date measurement devices. 3. Explain the applications of analogue and digital air date computers. 4.Explain the construction and operation of flight director systems. 5. Explain the construction and operation of electronic displays. 6. Explain the construction and operation of typical electronic flight instruments. Answers: 1. The Air Data System (ADS) is measuring the various data of two different air craft or air plane. The Air Data System (ADS) is measuring the various data of the air craft by the help of some various instruments or devices. The various data or information of the air craft is collecting the various data such as, the pitot pressure, static pressure, temperature of the air craft devices or instruments, flow angles of the air craft or air plane, angle of attract, angle of sideslip of the air craft or air plane (Di, Wu and Zhou, 2014). This all various data or information are measuring for the better control and manage the air craft or air plane. This all various values are analyze by the help of some various parameters like position of the air craft or air plane, velocity of the air craft, attitude of the air craft, angular rate and liner acceleration of the air craft or air plane. 2. The Pitot-Static air data system is the analysis value or part of the air data system of the air craft or air plane. The Pitot Pressure is the value of the total sum of the static pressure and the increasing value of the dynamic pressure or air flow rate of the air craft or air plane. This pressure is situated in pitot tube. The Static pressure value or rate is measuring by the help of the pitot-static tube of the air craft or in other word, the static pressure rate or value is calculating by the help of the flush mounted port, which is present in the fuselage of the air craft or air plane. Other variable like, total pressure is measuring very accurate by air data system. The pitot tube opening is depends on the air crafts outside layers and the air flow in the direction of incoming. The pitot tube shape and size is always dictates the flow angle of air craft or air plane (JuhaÃÅ' sz, Kacsuk and KranzlmuÃÅ'ˆller, 2005). 3. In todays modern technology the presence of digital and analog signal are quite important. The digital data is considered important as it stores from 0 to 1. Whereas the analog data is the data that produces continuous waves that represent a certain amount of values for indication. The basic advantage of the digital data over the analog data that is recorded for better usage and it also makes sure that the quality is not lost even if it is copied for a numerous times for maintaining the same quality. The analog data signal is quite low in quality for the transmission. The transmission of the analog data signals for the long transmission is in very bad quality, which is difficult for the analysis by air data system. The low quality of the data signals is due to the induction and the resistance in the wire (Forlenza et al., 2012). As well as the digital signals is like original signals. The digital data signal of the air craft or air plane is transmit or send one device to other device to 16 bits. The digital signal of the air craft is much faster than the analog signals, but some time the digital signals are lost due to some bad quality of the data transmission over one device or instrument (sending device) to other device or instrument (receiving device). 4. The Flight Director System (FDS) is the system which is consists by the help of various devices or instruments of the air data system. The Flight Director System (FDS) is without any trouble interpreted display path or route of the air craft or air plane. The Flight Director System (FDS) of the air craft is fully pre programmed system, which is consist according to the requirement of the air craft or the controller. The main section of the Flight Director System (FDS) are Flight Director Indicator (FDI), Horizontal situation Indicator (HSI), air craft director system or computer and also mode selector of the air craft or air plane (JuhaÃÅ' sz, Kacsuk and KranzlmuÃÅ'ˆller, 2005). 5. The three types of air display system in integrated flight system are Primary flight display, Multi Function display and electronic centralized aircraft monitoring. Primary flight display If we look at the flight deck we can figure out the display units that are the most important part of the EFIS system and the features that are termed as glass cockpit. This display unit secures the place of the ADI and is often termed as primary flight display. Multi function display The MFD displays all the weather and navigational system. These MFDs are designed quite frequently that are quite chat-centric (Lu et al., 2015). The aircrew system forecasts all the information that is displayed on a map or chart. The examples of the MFD information student include the route plan of the aircraft. Electronic centralized aircraft monitoring (ECAM) The EICAS that is also known as the engine indication and the crew system display all the information that is related to the aircraft system and at the same time includes the propulsion and the electrical system. The EICAS are often designed for traditional round gauges that supplies digital reading of the parameters. 6. The construction and operation of the integrated flight instrument system are stated below: The flight director system: The use of system inputs, computation, Horizontal situation indications, aircraft control panels, interface to the aircraft system and other mode selectors (Redling, 2001). Electronic Display: The alphanumeric displays, ambient light sensors, symbol generation, cathode ray and liquid crystal. Electronic flight instrument system: Electronic indicator system, electronic horizontal indicators, system input device, aircraft case study, reliability and failure. References Di, Y., Wu, S. and Zhou, Y. (2014). Research on Flight Altitude Information Fusion Method for ADS/INS/GPS Integrated Systems Based on Federated Filter.AMM, 599-601, pp.1636-1639. Forlenza, L., Fasano, G., Accardo, D. and Moccia, A. (2012). Flight Performance Analysis of an Image Processing Algorithm for Integrated Sense-and-Avoid Systems.International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2012, pp.1-8. 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